Ramulamma is a drama series which got aired on the Maa TV channel. It is a Telugu language program which got broadcasted on every weekday from Monday to Friday in the 7:30 PM time slot. It premiered on Indian television screens on 20th October 2014. Varanjaneyulu has taken up the helms of the show as the director. He has also overseen the production of the series. He is amongst one of the most renowned names in the Telugu television industry. He has directed and produced a variety of series which have gotten appreciated by the audiences and also garnered critical acclaim. He got best known in the circuit for having the ability to bring out and highlight some of the most delicate nuances found within human relationships. This quality brings a different layer of emotions in his ventures which lend depth to his creations. This aspect along with the stellar cast chosen has propelled Ramulamma to the status of one of the biggest successes aired on Maa TV. The leading cast consists of the pair of Shirisha and Sri Vani. They are both powerful actresses who have made their mark by providing some memorable performances through the years. The story of Ramulamma revolves around the lives of two ladies who are both in the leading role. Ramulamma and Rudramma live in the same region but are poles apart when it comes to their personalities and outlook on life. The two women come to a clash many a time and try to become triumphant in spite of every test facing them. Their paths seem to keep colliding as they try to gain the upper hand and prove their dominance. Their destinies, however, keep intermingling and bringing them up against each other to come out as triumphant. It becomes a battle of ideologies amidst these two ladies in each testing scenario. They also come from two very different backgrounds and families. One of them belongs to a wealthy Zamindar’s family whereas the other hails from an ordinary and poor household. As the story keeps unfolding, these two personalities continue to stand up for what they believe is the right path. Each has their own justification and belief which they attempt to bring out on top. The story of Ramulamma combines the various elements found in the human emotional spectrum to give us a unique medley. The show has everything ranging from relationships, love, emotions, and drama. Mar 24, 2017. Ramulamma Episode 641 (24th March 2017) Friday. Ramulamma Episode 640 (23rd March 2017) Thursday. Ramulamma Episode 639 (22nd March 2017) Wednesday. Ramulamma Episode 638 (21st March 2017) Tuesday. Ramulamma Episode 637 (20th March 2017) Monday. Ramulamma Episode.
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Problems resolved and optimization of configuration scenarios with this hotfix: ● The Reset bit is not reliably executed for the following HMI devices: – OP 73 – OP 73micro – OP 77A – TP 177A – TP 177micro – Basic Panels ● The opening times for screens on the TP 177A und TP 177micro have increased with WinCC flexible 2008. ● The hour glass is not shown when changing screens on the TP 177A and TP 177micro HMI devices. This can result in malfunctions. ● No 'Bit' data type tags should be configured in the 'R' area on the OP 77A, TP 177A and Basic Panels with Allen Bradley DF1, because incorrect values may occur. ● Sporadical interrupts of connection with TP 177micro. Hotfix 2 for WinCC flexible 2008. This hotfix corrects the following problems in the engineering system and optimizes configuration scenarios: ● Instance update of faceplates Some changes do not require an instance update of faceplates. ● Errors during compilation Deriving an instance from faceplates with formatted text results in errors during compiling. ● Error with dragging and dropping faceplates from a library ● Problems updating faceplates Using formatted text in faceplates results in errors when updating these faceplates. ● Using 'Undo' and 'Redo' on faceplates with formatted text and structures results in corruption. ● Errors during STEP 7 synchronization If you replace a CPU with another that has a different revision level, STEP7 synchronization may not function correctly. Apr 24, 2012. Cool, the boss bought me a long awaited new HP Probook Windows 7 laptop with a serial port. My (not that old) Siemens software isn't allowed to be run under Win 7. Not suprised as I knew that already. But I can run Step 5 perfectly through the command window in Win 7! That annoys me. But I am up and. Customers with a valid Software Update Service contract (SUS contract) for WinCC flexible 2008 will receive the Service Pack 1 automatically. Automation Technology Operator control and monitoring systems HMI Software HMI-System SIMATIC WinCC flexible. Automation Technology Operator. WinCC flexible 2008 Standard to. WinCC Comfort V12 SP1. • WinCC flexible 2008 Advanced to. WinCC Advanced V12 SP1. Online software delivery (OSD) 1). Upgrade license, software and license key download, e-mail address required for the delivery. • WinCC flexible. ● SIMOTION projects cannot be opened In some circumstances, HMI projects created with WinCC flexible 2007 cannot be opened in SIMOTION. ● Problems with DEMO mode No DEMO mode after removing valid compact keys. ● Error installing MSDE ● Error message when closing WinCC flexible If the last action you perform in WinCC flexible is changing the visibility of layers, an error message appears when you close WinCC flexible. ● Canceling 'Save as version' Depending on the computer load, 'Save as version' cancels without results. ● Save as version without administrator rights If you do configuration work without administrator rights, you cannot use 'Save as version'. ● Internal error If you delete a trend display that contains routing tags, internal errors occur. ● Illegal array lengths with TP177 6' and TP177 6' portrait devices ● USB PPI cable 6ES7901-3DB30-0XA0 as of Version 06 The 'Reset to default settings' fails with the following HMI devices: – Mobile Panel 277 – MP 277 – Mobile Panel 177 DP – Mobile Panel 177 PN – Mobile Panel 277 – TP 177B (without TP 177B 4') – OP 177B – TP 277 – OP 277 – MP 177 – TP170A – TP170micro This hotfix corrects the following problems in Runtime and optimizes its performance: ● After stopping Runtime and restarting the device, the last language to which you switched is no longer active. You have transferred a project to an HMI device and switched to a different configured language. You then stop Runtime and restart the HMI device. When the HMI device has started and is ready to operate, the language to which you last switched is no longer active. All CE devices are affected ● After WinCC flexible Runtime 2008 has been removed, some ActiveX applications (for example, Automation License Manager) may no longer run correctly. Note It is imperative that the hotfix be installed before WinCC flexible Runtime 2008 is removed. ● Text fields are displayed truncated. When you convert projects from WinCC flexible 2007 to WinCC flexible 2008, configured text fields may be shown truncated in Runtime, if the 'Adapt utomatically' option is disabled Hotfix 1 for WinCC flexible 2008 ( 19486 KB ) It is obligatory if you want use examples from official site. This hotfix solves the following problems in Runtime and optimizes configuration scenarios: ● Restart of HMI device or exiting the simulation The screen change from recipe view can result in a restart of the HMI device in some HMI devices. Certain configurations during simulation of HMI devices can exit the simulation. Devices affected: – OP 77A – TP 177A – KTP 178 – KTP400 Basic – KTP600 Basic – KTP1000 Basic – TP1500 Basic Hotfix 2 for WinCC Flexible 2008 SP1 ( 72853 KB ). Problems corrected in Hotfix 2 This hotfix corrects the following problems in the engineering system and optimizes configuration scenarios: ● Incorrect display of graphical elements If you work with many graphical elements in WinCC flexible, the graphical elements are no longer displayed correctly. ● Error message while compiling You will see the following error message during compilation of a comprehensive WinCC flexible project: 'The WinCC flexible Engineering System does not have sufficient memory to continue and must be shut down. Close all unnecessary applications and restart the WinCC flexible Engineering System.' ● Failed project transfer If you have compiled a project with WinCC flexible Service Pack 1, it can no longer be transferred to the HMI device. The compiled project file '.fwx' is too large. Hotfix 1 for WinCC flexible 2008 Service Pack 1 ( 72694 KB ). This hotfix corrects the following problems in the engineering system and optimizes configuration scenarios: ● Internal compiler error with tags with linked animations. If an error occurs with tags with linked animations, the affected location is displayed. ● Conversion error opening projects created prior to WinCC flexible 2008 SP1. Events at a tag with array elements are deleted during conversion. ● Incorrect references after conversion of projects created prior to WinCC flexible 2008 SP1. The events at a tag with array elements deleted as a result of the conversion error are restored. If you have configured a new event in a project that has already been converted, the old incorrect reference is deleted. The affected tags are logged in the output window in either case. ● Long compile times in projects with numerous faceplate instances. Runtime problems resolved and optimization of configuration scenarios with this hotfix: ● The 'Transparent color' setting does not work on the 'Graphic view' screen object on the following HMI devices: – OP 270 – TP 270 – MP 270 – C7-636 ● Touch operation is not detected. Touch operation is sporadically not detected on the following HMI devices: – TP 177 4' – OP 177B – TP 177B – TP 277 – Mobile Panel 177 – Mobile Panel 277, Mobile Panel 277 IWLAN – MP 177 – MP 277 – MP 377 ● The sound does not work on some of the HMI devices of the MP 377 series. Add new images for fix problems. Support for Microsoft Windows 7 WinCC flexible with Step7 Integration under Windows 7 SIMATIC Step7 V5.4 is not released for the operating system Microsoft Windows 7. It therefore is not possible to use WinCC flexible and Step7 in the integrated mode under Windows 7. For this a separate release will be carried out at a later time 2. After installing SP2 ALM shows me 4 missing keys( I have used Simatic_EKB_Install_2010_03_20, maybe there is a newer one). The missing keys: Family-----------------------------Product--------------------------Version SIMATIC HMI-------------WinCC flexible /Audit for PC--------------1.3 SIMATIC HMI-------------WinCC flexible /Recipes for PC-----------1.3 SIMATIC HMI-------------WinCC flexible /OPC-Server for PC-------1.3 SIMATIC HMI-------------WinCC flexible /Sm@rtAccess for PC-----1.3 EKB install has only Version 1.0. WinCCFlexible is running but maybe there some parts which doesnt work without these keys. For testing Simatic_EKB_Install_2010_05_09.zip Size: 6158 KB wait report! All previous versions may fail if the installed the new version of the ALM v5 keys - type v5! Error will be corrected in future versions. Because of the new release ALM v5 may be many intermediate versions as far as finding new challenges. Support for Microsoft Windows 7 WinCC flexible with Step7 Integration under Windows 7 SIMATIC Step7 V5.4 is not released for the operating system Microsoft Windows 7. It therefore is not possible to use WinCC flexible and Step7 in the integrated mode under Windows 7. For this a separate release will be carried out at a later time 2. Support for Microsoft Windows 7 WinCC flexible with Step7 Integration under Windows 7 SIMATIC Step7 V5.4 is not released for the operating system Microsoft Windows 7. It therefore is not possible to use WinCC flexible and Step7 in the integrated mode under Windows 7. For this a separate release will be carried out at a later time 2. Single-User-System Standalone Operating systems Windows 7 Professional / Enterprise / Ultimate SP 1 (32 Bit) Windows 7 Professional / Enterprise / Ultimate SP 1 (64 Bit) Windows Embedded Standard 7 SP1 (32 Bit) (only SIMATIC IPC) Windows Embedded Standard 7 SP1 (64 Bit) (only SIMATIC IPC) Windows 8.1 Professional / Enterprise (32 Bit) Windows 8.1 Professional / Enterprise (64 Bit) Windows 10 (64 BIT) Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition R2 SP1 (64 Bit) Windows Server 2012 Standard Edition R2 (64 Bit). More than 10 years ago, Ben Cooper AKA Radical Face, started crafting the story of a fictitious, and sometimes otherworldly 19th century family. He brought those characters to life in a three-part album series based around the family he created and recorded alone in the shed behind his mom’s house in Jacksonville, Florida. Certain instrumentations and melodies were used to represent various “family members” and each album was recorded using only the instrumentation available during the era represented. Throughout the writing and recording process of each album in the trilogy, there were certain tracks that didn’t quite fit the album. Free and Discounted ebooks for your ereader. Clean Soups: Simple, Nourishing Recipes for Health and Vitality. Rebecca Katz. More than 10 years ago, Ben Cooper AKA Radical Face, started crafting the story of a fictitious, and sometimes otherworldly 19th century family. He brought those characters to life in a three-part album series based around the family he created and recorded alone in the shed behind his mom's house in Jacksonville, Florida. After being taken down twice by Blogger within a single week, we got the message: It’s Time To Go. Gates of Vienna has moved to a new address. Radical Face album The Family Tree: The Roots is a good music album, The Family Tree: The Roots release at Oct 04, 2011, song365 provider the album download and streaming service. These came to be known as “the bastards.” As the trilogy is now finished, so are “the bastards”. With that in mind, two new “bastards” from the recording of the third installment have been combined with the previous “bastards” to comprise one complete, stand-alone album available to Radical Face fans — a total of eleven Bastards. Many more foreign hostages than originally reported were taken by the Al Qaeda terrorists at the Amenas gas plant in Algeria. The Algerian government says that 100 out of 132 were freed, and some sources say that 30 or more hostages were killed. The British government offered the Algerians manpower, equipment, and expert assistance to expedite the resolution of the crisis, but was refused. American, British, and French nationals are thought to be among the dead. In other news, the latest figures from Angola indicate that at least 250,000 Chinese nationals have migrated to the country. The Angolan government says that work permits were issued for the Chinese to assist with development projects. To see the headlines and the articles, open. Thanks to Andy Bostom, C. Cantoni, DS, EG, Insubria, JD,, Mary Abdelmassih,,,, and all the other tipsters who sent these in. Notice to tipsters: Please don’t submit extensive excerpts from articles that have been posted behind a subscription firewall, or are otherwise under copyright protection. Commenters are advised to leave their comments at this post (rather than with the news articles) so that they are more easily accessible. Caveat: Articles in the news feed are posted “as is”. Gates of Vienna cannot vouch for the authenticity or accuracy of the contents of any individual item posted here. We check each entry to make sure it is relatively interesting, not patently offensive, and at least superficially plausible. The link to the original is included with each item’s title. Further research and verification are left to the reader. Note: Takuan’s post (which was originally published last night) is to remain at the top for a while, so I made it “sticky”. However, much has happened since it went up, including the Blogger outage. Scroll down for a. See also: Two forthrightly, in Germany, and of the Imran Firasat interview. More new posts will be added below this one. Oh, and don’t mess around with. The essay below is the conclusion of the ninth part in a series by Takuan Seiyo. See the list at the bottom of this post for links to the previous installments. Left: Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876 Right: George Grosz, Metropolis, 1916/17 The Bee and the Lamb Part 9 (continued) By Takuan Seiyo A Whole New Road to Serfdom That Which is Not Seen (continued) For over 60 years, White mea-culpists have had a firm grip in all fields of cultural mind imprinting: education high and low; paper media, then electronic, then digital media; all forms of entertainment, the plastic arts and music high and low, and religious instruction and worship too. Their main endeavor has been to enforce their compulsory (e.g. K-12) and discretionary (e.g. Television) self-flaying on account of long-ago Slavery, Colonialism, Imperialism, Male Supremacism, Racism, Antisemitism, and so on. It’s the evils of the Iberian Inquisition — which were evil — but not the evils of the Japanese equivalent in which, in the 40 years up to 1597, 50,000 Christians were publicly crucified, burned or beheaded. Nor the evils of the worldwide Islamic Inquisition which — not in the 16th century but now, in the 21st, condemns Muslim apostates to barbaric execution. It’s America’s destruction of the snail darter but not Mussulmanism’s destruction of the Bamyan Buddhas or its proposed destruction of the, let alone its obliteration of all the pre-Rome cradles of Christianity but for remaining ruins in the Middle East and dust of the desert in North Africa. It’s the evils of feudalism and industrial workers’ exploitation in Europe and America, but not the strict Confucian evils of Northeast Asia. There, a member of the ruling class in China had, essentially, a free hand with anyone of the lower classes, a Japanese samurai could test his sword by cutting down an insolent peasant, and farmers were so squeezed by their fief holders that they habitually sold their daughters to bordellos for the few coins it provided for next season’s seed. Feminism, Socialism and anti-Antisemitism should have arisen in Saudi Arabia or Yemen, Algeria or Peshawar, for good reasons. Instead, aggressive White androphobes of all genders which I can no longer count are decimating the philogynous and egalitarian West. Equality psychos are tearing down the most egalitarian society that ever existed (except for initial communist experiments, before they turned bloody). American Jews, at the apex of the greatest fortune and philosemitic tolerance their long diaspora has ever bestowed on their kind, are busy supporting all the ideologies and policies that demolish their safe harbor and build up their Muslim, Black and Third World enemies. They will come to rue their tacit assumption that better the antisemite you don’t know than the few hundred imputed and real ones catalogued at ADL. One would be hard put to find a nation not based on the invasion of another people’s territory and their mass slaughter. Yet poisoned American madmen proclaim as though the Indians themselves did not fight endless genocidal wars from Peru to Canada, with torture, ritual murder or slavery for the captives and, at times, cannibalism too. Leftoid masochists and the Christian meek call for returning Hawaii to the Hawaiians and capitulating before a massive Mexican reconquista of one-third of America. The self-defined “Feminist-Tauist-NeoPagan-Post-Structuralist-Deconstructionist-Socialist” useful idiot Gillian Schutte begins her New Year 2013 by “wholeheartedly apologizing for what my ancestors did to the people of South Africa and inviting you to do the same.” Yet the Magyars don’t seem to feel much guilt over the Illyrians, Pannonians, Sarmatians and Celts whose land and lives they took in the 9th century, to form Hungary. The rightful Etruscan landowners are not bearing angry placards in front of the Vatican. The Japanese are not planning to relinquish Hokkaido to its original owners, the Ainu. The tall, white and fair-haired Chachapoyas of the Andean forest have, alas, no remnants left to sue the Incas for genocide in a Peruvian court of law. The Aztecs, whether in Jalisco or Los Angeles, don’t agonize over having taken what would become Mexico City from its original Culhuacan owners, with lots of grisly details. Yet for 38 years Neil Young has been reminding adoring audiences about “”, discreetly omitting and the killer people whom Cortez killed. Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (1996) is a book by Daniel Goldhagen presenting the thesis that the German nation as such was composed of willing executioners of the Jews because of a unique “eliminationist antisemitism” in the German people, with long historical roots. However, even that great moral abyss of Western civilization — the Holocausts — stands out more in its industrialized and organizational features than it does either in the quality of its hatefulness or its relative or even absolute volumes. And Holocausts they were, for in addition to the nearly 6 million Jews, the Germans also murdered over 21 million civilian Slavs, and that’s counting Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Czechoslovakia alone. In absolute numbers, the total number of World War II non-German civilian victims of Nazi Germany is smaller than the 50 million victims of the Bolsheviks in Russia, or Mao’s 70 million in China, or the Mughal-Muslim genocide of Hindus — the latter have their own Holocaust Day on August 14. In relative numbers, in just one year, 1994, the Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda, killed off a total of one million, in a population of 7 million. 75% of the Tutsi population was erased. Is it more humane to go by a stroke of a blunt machete than by a whiff of Zyklon B? The Khmer Rouge murdered at least 2 million Cambodians between 1975 and 1979: one quarter of the population, by a conservative count. Is it more humane to die by wallops from a Cambodian pickaxe handle than by a bullet from a German Mauser? Inscription on the back (in German): “Ukraine 1942, Jewish Aktion, Ivangorod.” There is a special horror attached to the Third Reich, because those were 20 th century Europeans, Christians, and in many ways the smartest, most civilized people on Earth. But the Holocausts do not prove that Whites are worse than other people, just that they are no better. The history of the Third Reich also proves that with the right formula of economic blowup, misery and humiliation, sparked by charismatic evil, no people are immune to such horror, at no time. A big tip of the Bodissey pickelhaube to our commenter Jolie Rouge, who with a brand new acronym. The occasion was an observation about (the link only works in the UK): Andrew Neil and Michael Portillo are joined by former UN secretary-general Kofi Annan and Alastair Campbell. Interesting conversation — acknowledging the geopolitical threat to the West. Note the aggressor is not named other than by geographical location (e.g.) North Africa, Afghanistan and surprisingly the inclusion of Turkey. Amazingly they manage to avoid the JIM words — Jihad, Islam and Muslim. I think JIM could have great utility for our enterprise: it’s concise, pronounceable, handy to use, and easy to propagate. Who will be the first major Western politician (not counting Geert Wilders) to break the greatest cultural taboo of our time, and mess around with JIM? Tonight’s news feed is unusually fat, due to the inclusion of last night’s items, which were never used because of the Blogger outage. Yesterday a group of Al Qaeda terrorists assaulted a natural gas plant in Algeria and killed two foreigners while taking 41 other hostage. Today Algerian special forces staged a helicopter raid on the plant, killing a number of the hostages — between six and 34, depending on whose figures you believe — in the process of taking out the terrorists. Among the foreign hostages were American, British, French, and Japanese nationals. In other news, Germany has begun repatriating its foreign gold reserves, which are stored in vaults in Paris, London, and the United States. To see the headlines and the articles, open. Cantoni, Erick Stakelbeck, Fjordman, Insubria, JB, JD,,, McR,,, and all the other tipsters who sent these in. Notice to tipsters: Please don’t submit extensive excerpts from articles that have been posted behind a subscription firewall, or are otherwise under copyright protection. + Commenters are advised to leave their comments at this post (rather than with the news articles) so that they are more easily accessible. Caveat: Articles in the news feed are posted “as is”. Gates of Vienna cannot vouch for the authenticity or accuracy of the contents of any individual item posted here. We check each entry to make sure it is relatively interesting, not patently offensive, and at least superficially plausible. The link to the original is included with each item’s title. Further research and verification are left to the reader. Is a Pakistani ex-Muslim who collaborated with Terry Jones on the movie The Innocent Prophet (watch it ). The Spanish government recently revoked his status as a political refugee in Spain, and he is due to be deported to Pakistan, where he will face the death penalty for blasphemy. There is currently a to grant him and his family political asylum. Firasat was interviewed recently on Alerta Digital TV. The video below shows the third part of the interview, and includes segments in English of a statement by Terry Jones. Many thanks to our Spanish correspondent Hermes for the translation, and to for the subtitling: Transcript. We are in the midst of a Winter Weather Warning (also known as Crystallized Climate Change) here at Schloss Bodissey. That means I am watching big, fat flakes accumulating on everything — though the driveway is still clear. Prior to that, we awoke this morning to heavy rains. It is our good fortune that there was never any period of transitional ice. Thank heavens! Why am I talking about the weather, you ask? Because this heavy wet snow may well eventuate in a power outage. Should that happen we would have no way to tell you why when, once again, no one seems to be home. If the power does go out, I’m confident it won’t be for long. Our rural electric cooperative is exceptionally good at handling these kinds of weather ‘events’; if we do go out, it won’t be for long. And thanks to the generosity of our donors several years ago, we installed a gas cook stove so we can cook and have — thank heavens, again — hot coffee during the outage. Yes, we are careful regarding the possibility of carbon monoxide poisoning if we were to use the stove for heat. However, given how leaky our storm windows are, I’m not worried. Here’s what NOAA says. Yesterday we reported on a group of young Muslim men who accost pedestrians in certain parts of east London. They insist that their turf is a “Muslim area”, and require that non-Muslims observe the appropriate dress code and the Islamic proscription on alcohol while they are there. The included an embedded video taken by the group and posted on their YouTube account. Since then YouTube has yanked the video, on that it was “intended to harass, bully and threaten.” However, for the sake of the historical record of these dire times, has preserved a (slightly augmented) copy at MRC TV. As you all know by now, our blog was suddenly removed last night between 8 and 9pm EST for no apparent reason. Blogger never provided any explanation before, during, or after the outage. I assume it was an internal technical problem at Google. Below is a portion of a mass email I sent out earlier today to dozens of people who had written to us to ask what happened: Blogger “removed” our blog suddenly last night. One second it was there; the next it was gone. If we had violated their terms of service, we should have received an email, according to their own established procedure. But we received no email. I retain my “dashboard” account, as does Dymphna. And, as you can see, I still have the gmail account. There is no “deleted blogs” link on our dashboards, as there should be if the blog had been deleted deliberately through a normal procedure. Late last night I began the process that one always goes through with Blogger: we posted requests on the help forum. That’s really all that can be done; you can’t talk to human beings where Google is concerned. We actually received a response, which is unusual with Google. Based on the replies, there seems to have been a major problem with Blogger last night. Many other blogs disappeared in the same fashion. I anticipate that this is most likely a technical glitch on Google’s part, based on the number and types of blogs that had the same thing happen to them last night. But we should know for certain within another day or two. It’s also possible (but far less likely, in my estimation) that we were taken down for political reasons. If it was a deliberate take-down, we will migrate to another platform with our own domain. We back up the entire blog frequently, so only a few posts will be missing when we restore. This post is intended as a simple guide to enabling 'bridge' mode on your Sagemcom F@ST 2864 modem. This is a proper bridge mode, rather than simply PPPoE forwarding. You will get the full speed of your connection with this setup. This guide is for VDSL only. Settings for FTTH can be found here: » ***VERY IMPORTANT NOTICE*** This process and any changes of your Sagemcom modem settings are absolutely not supported by anyone. Neither Teksavvy or Bell will help you with issues that arise due to changing settings on your modem to an unsupported configuration. Sagemcom Tools Telnet. 4 telnet access websites. Help and Support for Sky TV and Sky Broadband, Sky Broadband Setup, Sky Router, Sky Email, Sky Player, Sky+, Sky HD, Sky Talk, Sky Movies. Sky Broadband Exchange - Sky Broadband Speed Tester. Although I haven't tried it because I don't have the 25/10 service, I thought It might be helpful for those on this service that would like to check their modem stats. I believe the sagemcom 2864 is locked, at least that is what I read elsewhere. Here's the link in case anyone wants to read up on it and give it a try. If you follow this guide you do so entirely at your own risk. Before we begin I'd like to thank forum user sibisties for his excellent work on the Sagemcom 2864 stats and unlock tool. Without the unlock tool this process would be a great deal more complicated. And thanks to everyone else on the forums who helped with various firmware files and testing ideas. As of this posting the tools and settings used are known to work on the following firmware versions: FAST2864_v6740S FAST2864_v66396 You can check your modem's firmware version in the About page on the Connection Hub site (e.g. » ) Now for the guide: 1) Download sibisties' Line Stats & Telnet Unlock Tool from here: » - For more information on the tool and its features see sibisties' thread here: » 2) Connect your PC directly to the Sagemcom modem and run the unlock tool, select the 'Telnet enable' option and enter the requested information. Said by: I assume I can still keep my telnet login if I hold the reset for 30 seconds, correct? No, you cannot. Seriously, I can't stress this enough, a factory reset resets the modem to the 'factory' default settings. These are the settings that Bell put in the firmware as defaults. Since telnet is blocked by default in the firmware a factory reset will remove access to telnet. To regain telnet access after a factory reset you have to re-run sibisties' stats and unlock tool with the 'enable telnet' option selected. Hey, this guide has helped out a lot but I ran into a few issues. I'm a little new at this as I just learn networking as I go so I hope this makes sense. I have the Bell Sagemcom f@st 2864 with the v66396 firmware and I want to use it with my Linksys E3200 but let the Linksys do all the routing and the Sagemcom to just be a modem. I had it set up for months before by disabling DHCP and the Wifi on the Sagemcom and then plugging in the Linksys on one of the LAN ports. I'd then enter my Bell PPPoE info into the Linksys in PPPoE mode and it'd work. Problems arose after my dad accidentally unplugged it one day and now I can't recreate what I had done to make the internet work 100%. On Xbox, cod and Halo show me as either Moderate or Strict NAT randomly so sometimes I can't connect to friends. I did the usual of forwarding ports to no avail and I read a few people suggesting to put the Sagemcom in DMZ mode but whenever I try entering the Linksys' IP it says 'invalid IP' and won't let me save the settings so I can only have DMZ disabled. In the guide I used PuTTy to telnet into the Sagemcom after using the unlocker tool but the 'ram_set' command makes PuTTy close (is that normal?). When I open the telnet session again I type the 'conf reconf 1' command and the third time I entered it, it gave 'Returned 0'. Then I type 'system reboot' and it reboots the Sagemcom but when it reboots it just constantly blinks the WAN LED and I don't know the proper steps to go from there. I tried connecting my Linksys' Internet port (is this also referred to as the WAN port as the guide says to use?) to one of the LAN ports on the Sagemcom and then having the Linksys in PPPoE mode and entering my Bell login as usual but it just constantly tries to connect to no avail. Am I missing something? My family was getting impatient with me so temporarily I have the Linksys in Bridge mode but sending out it's Wifi signals (2.4 and 5Ghz) while the Sagemcom does the routing as usual but as soon as I'm playing a game while my girlfriend watches Netflix the voices get out of sync. I take it this is because with my current setup the Sagemcom isn't very good at QoS? I desperately want to get my internet sorted by your awesome guide but those few points had me scratching my head and with little time to troubleshoot from my family's important need to get back to Facebooking (lol) it's a very frustrating task. Sorry if this was long but I figured it's easier to give all the info at once and then get this solved since you all seem to be really good at this! Thanks in advance. It sounds like you might be better off trying this after hours, just in case it takes a little while. First, yes the 'Internet' port on your Linksys is the same as the WAN port. Second, the modem can be finicky at times when you're putting in the commands and drop the session on you (this causes PuTTy to close), just reconnect and continue from the last command you entered. If you enter the same command twice it won't break anything and you're better off making sure each one is entered properly. After the system reboots (after entering the settings) you should see only two lights on the router, the top light for power and the third light down for DSL sync. If the DSL sync light is blinking it means the modem doesn't have a DSL sync yet and you won't be able to connect. Sometimes it may take a few minutes before it syncs properly. Try leaving it for up to five minutes just to be sure, if it still doesn't have sync but then, then there is something else wrong. In that case I can only recommend that you reset the router to defaults and go from there. Possibly best thing to do as update the OP to add some preparation steps for best results: 1. Do the 30 second reset to factory reset your 2864 first. Once your 2864 is fully reset to default, connect to it as usual and disable: a) Wifi. B) UPnP c) DLNA 3. Then start the steps as above to jailbreak the gateway, enable the bridge mode and fully disable the router, PPP sessions, etc (all handled by the command sequence). This will probably give the best results for everyone and will result in a pure bridging device that isn't trying to sign in constantly (red blinking @ light). If you do all of the above you'll reliably get 50/10 to your router in PPPoE. Said by: It sounds like you might be better off trying this after hours, just in case it takes a little while. First, yes the 'Internet' port on your Linksys is the same as the WAN port. Second, the modem can be finicky at times when you're putting in the commands and drop the session on you (this causes PuTTy to close), just reconnect and continue from the last command you entered. If you enter the same command twice it won't break anything and you're better off making sure each one is entered properly. After the system reboots (after entering the settings) you should see only two lights on the router, the top light for power and the third light down for DSL sync. If the DSL sync light is blinking it means the modem doesn't have a DSL sync yet and you won't be able to connect. Sometimes it may take a few minutes before it syncs properly. Try leaving it for up to five minutes just to be sure, if it still doesn't have sync but then, then there is something else wrong. In that case I can only recommend that you reset the router to defaults and go from there. Okay awesome, I'll probably try it tonight then. I wasn't confident on how the DSL sync works though. Would the DSL sync not sync until my Linksys router gets set up properly to finish up the proper connection or will the Sagemcom finish the Sync alone and THEN I connect the Linksys? I hope that makes sense lol.basically does the modem establish the DSL sync or does the router need to be set up first? Thanks again! Said by: Okay awesome, I'll probably try it tonight then. I wasn't confident on how the DSL sync works though. Would the DSL sync not sync until my Linksys router gets set up properly to finish up the proper connection or will the Sagemcom finish the Sync alone and THEN I connect the Linksys? I hope that makes sense lol.basically does the modem establish the DSL sync or does the router need to be set up first? Thanks again! The Sagemcom has to sync the DSL signal first. Once the light stops blinking then you can have your router connect the PPPoE session. It doesn't matter if they're hooked up or if the settings are in place, the modem has to sync before the router will be able to connect to the internet. Okay so I've been working on this for awhile now and every time I go to telnet in I get two of the codes typed in before it cuts me out and I have to unplug and plug in the sagemcom again. I'm down to the ram_set command now and I have a chance to just keep using the command history to keep trying it about 8 times and every time no 'returned 0' pops up. It just brings me back to the prompt. I guess I'll keep trying to enter it but if the next few don't work I'll continue to the 'reconf' command and see how it works. Did others get the 'returned 0' to show up? EDIT: Once I was done all the commands without getting 'returned 0' still on the ram command the modem dsl sync blinked for 20 mins so I factory reset and just re did everything. I tried to configure the modem without the telephone cable plugged in this time and in doing so I entered all the commands without any putty crashes or having to restart the modem. Then once all the commands were in and the modem restarted I then plugged in the phone line and bam - within 2 mins the dsl light is not beaming it's beautiful blue and I'm gonna plug in my linksys and hopefully I'll be good to go!! So happy Edit 2: sorry for the long post but I went to go upstairs to connect the linksys and I come back to the Sagemcoms dsl sync light blinking again.no idea what to do now? As I'm entering the commands the modem resets with the top power green led and bottom most green led lit and then when it starts back up I try to telnet in to continue the commands and it freezes too fast that I can only enter in half a command. I rather not have it back to how it was cause its not the most ideal. EDIT: I decided to just set it up like before and it's all workin but one the Sagemcom the DMZ setting keeps saying its an invalid IP address.would an ip starting with 174 be the proper Linksys WAN address? It says 'Internet Address:' next to that number on the Linksys page. Turns out in the Sagemcom's setup page it says I have ADSL so maybe that's why the modem's freaking out when I try to put it into bridge mode? My dl speed is 15-16mbps and upload is 0.8-1mbps:/ lol. I actually just went out to Canada Computers and bought a $40 D-Link dsl 520b and just set it up for bridging in 5 mins and everything's now up and running with my Linksys E3200 doing all the heavy lifting. Also on speedtest it looks like my speed's a lot more consistent without the Sagemcom in the way. Before the test would always ramp up but now it just immediately hits the roof at almost 16mbps instead of getting to 13 after ~8 secs and then getting to ~15 after about 10 more secs. Could just be the time of day but I've ran speedtest a lot the last few months and It's never been this smooth! Adobe Illustrator is a Photo & Image software developed by Adobe Systems. 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Zee Tamil tv Shows, Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Zee Tamil tv Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 12th November 2017 Episode 09 Zee TV’s ‘Sa Re Ga Ma Pa’, the first singing talent hunt show on Indian television has been instrumental in introducing the country to some of its demigods of music – Shreya Ghoshal, Kunal Ganjawala, Shekhar Ravjiani, Bela Shende, Sanjivani and Kamal Khan in the last two decades. This prestigious platform is a beacon of hope, giving thousands of aspiring singers an avenue to exhibit their talent season after season! Zee TV, India’s leading Hindi entertainment channel, which captures the beauty of re-discovering a new ray of hope with every moment of life with its brand philosophy ‘Har Lamha, Nayi Umeed’ is back again to give audiences the true meaning of MUSIC. After its overwhelming success across the seasons, the show is back with a bang to scout for phenomenal voices, fresh talent & young energetic performers who will give a boost to the Indian music industry. 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Udaan 26th May 2017 Written Episode, Written Update on TellyUpdates.com The Episode starts with Ajay ordering cold drinks for coming guests. Vivaan and Ragini come. Ragini scolds him and says we can transfer you, choice is yours, you want transfer or money. Vivaan asks are you deaf. Constable Sukhiram says they are owners of gun factory, Vivaan and Ragini, they are siblings. Vivaan asks what. Ajay says I met such siblings for the fifth time. Ragini asks him to leave her men. Vivaan asks him to release the guns truck. Ajay says you won’t get that, I can give you something. Vivaan asks him what’s this, can’t you talk well. Ajay asks them to leave, he is given them one chance, his laws work here. Vivaan laughs and says you are dealing with wrong people. Ajay gets senior’s call. Vivaan and Ragini smile. Ajay says no Sir, how can I refuse to your order. He says so policemen’s. Mouth is shut like this, seniors stopped me, its good to meet you. He asks Sukhiram to let the men and truck go. Ragini says now I understand the reason for seizing our truck, we will give much money that you don’t need to do this again. She shows the money. Ajay says I don’t want any prize, your contacts tied my hand, this won’t happen again, we will meet again, people like you call me Ak 47. Ragini says he has much attitude. Vivaan says we will see him. Chakor comes to haveli and recalls Suraj. Suraj comes and asks her where is she going. She says I m going to thank new inspector who seized the truck. Suraj asks is he more imp than me. She says yes, everyone is imp than you. He says no one can come between us. She says there is nothing left between us, you stop worrying for me, you are not my husband now. Suraj asks what’s this sindoor doing in your maang, what’s this mangalsutra doing in your neck, I m in your heart, else you would have wipes this sindoor and thrown mangalsutra after coming out of court, you still love me. Suraj says this hatred will change into love. Some goons tease a girl. Ajay talks on phone and says there are many illegal shops here, I will talk later. Chakor beats the goons. Everyone smile. Chakor scolds the goon and punches his face. Ajay passes by and stops seeing the fight. He gets down the jeep and smiles seeing Chakor beating the goons. A goon catches Chakor and breaks her mangalsutra. Her mangalsutra flies in air. Chakor recalls Suraj’s words. Chakor hits the goon and catches her mangalsutra. Chakor looks around. She sees Ajay and goes to him. She takes his service revolver. She runs back to the goon. She points gun at them. The goons get scared. Chakor shoots in air. The goons run away. Ajay checks for his gun and sees her. The villagers clap for her. Ajay says she is AK 56. Suraj says none can come between us. Villagers praise Chakor. Ajay says if I get transferred before meeting her, I won’t get peace. He gets a call and goes. Chakor turns to return the gun and sees him gone. She think inspector went, what will I do of this gun. Suraj says how will I get Chakor back, she does not care for me. Pakhi asks him to get anger out. He says everyone is thinking I m wrong. Pakhi says I don’t know what you did that everyone calls you bad. He says its good you don’t understand, else you will also hate me. She says no, I just know you broke Chakor’s heart and married Imli. Suraj says who told you I married Imli. Pakhi says you and Imli are becoming parents. He says I m not father of Imli’s child, I did not marry her, how to explain you, you are little, I did this to save Imli and her child, don’t tell anyone. She says I don’t understand, Chakor is very sad. Suraj says I know Chakor is sad, I m also sad, its time being, one day everything will get fine, I will continue trying, Chakor will know truth. Precap: Chakor returns mangalsutra to Suraj. Chakor cries and goes. Update Credit to: Amena. That new inspector ak47 is aditya.its unbelievable but if he is really a aditya then it will be very interesting but yet there are no such scenes are shown in between aditya and chakor.In the serial it was shown that they both consider eachother as just friends.aditya never have a love like feelings for chakor and how can this sudden track can come in which aditya loves chakor in this episode that ak47 lost his senses when see dashing chakor if he is aditya why he will lost his senses? Aah!kitna confusing hai ye sab itne sare questions aare mere dimagh me wo aditya hai bole to and one more thing from where you get to now about all this @die hard fan of sukor guys some body please explain me why he said that chakor is ak56. Aanya I’m a huge fan of ipkknd.I am a huge sarun fan.i liked their jodi both onscreen and offscreen.when the show ends, i became too sad actually i was cried.Thats the first show that I’m totally lovedactually it was a trend setter. Its feeling and its an emotion At that time we used to discussed about the episode regularly in my clsactually the whole cls is the fan of that show.during ramdan times i was the one who describes the episode to my friends. We are very mad and crazy about the show.actually do you know guys we had a iss pyar ko kya nam doon fan association in the class. Whenever we get free time, we recreat the scenes in the cls and we acts those scenes.among those scenes my most favourite scene was the heer or raajha scenes.i played as khushi after ipkknd udaan is the one serial which stick me in front of the TV. Sukor is the reason for that.in these 5years,no serial can influence me or makes me interested but udaan canbecause of sukorI liked their chemistry very much not just liked I just loved themthat’s why when they got separated I’m so sad.I want them unite soon I want their nokjokes. Yeah I too want udaan at different timing s especially its old timing at11pm.actually kya he na my classes will start on june1st se. And there is a chance to miss the show. Nowadays its vacation for me. And If I miss the episode night, I catched the episode on day @11am,1.30pm,and 4.30pm.but when my classes will start, If I missed the episode I couldnt watch it on tv. Because my classes will start on 9.30am And I reached my home at 5.30pm So its a request to team udaan And colors please change the timing s And please retelecast udaan at 11pm.please please please please please please also please. Shruti di i think u got misunderstand mai to yeh bolna chahti thi k colors ko bhi ipkknd jese hi udaan k 3 to kya 10 part bnane chahiye again n again n again puri life mai sirf udan dekhti rahugi.ek baat bolu di aap subha 4:30 or 7:00 bje udan dekh skte ho? Subha subha udan dekh k sara din accha jata hai.bt di aap 8:30 k slot mai busy hote ho kya?hope mere saath kbhi esa na ho u know bt maine bhi ab tk 5 epi.s iss slot mai mis kiye hai bt voot zindabad nd nidhu di bhi unhone mere liye 1week k epi.s rec.krke rkhe all one que.gys jb mai budhi i mean old age women ho gai tb bhi kya mai voot pe udan dekh skti hu tb bhi serial voot pe milega kya?or mai phulwa bhi dekh skti hu kya? Me too lily mai bhi rishtey wala udan dekhti hu ussme abhi suraj babu ko stem lga mam ples aap ye pic change kr dijiye koi accha sa sukor lv pic lga dijiye di u got misunderstand mai to yeh bol rhi thi k colors ko bhi udan ke or part bnane chahiye jese ipkknd k 3 parts hah atleast udan k to 10 hone chahiye.ek baat or di aag morning time udan dekh skte ho kya?agr haan to aap 4:30am or 7:00am dekh skte ho.u know mene bhi ab tk 5 epi.s 8:30pm wale slot mai mis kr diye thee pr nidhu di n voot zindabad. Ofcos kriti maja aeyega na.m ready to see jls di mere paas pc hai i think its a great idea lov u di. Sadhna di u also join our convo by the way which season u used to watch I heard that there are two seasons of ipkknd and seadon 1 is better than season 2 is it true? U know when I was so young I used to watch son pari,shararat,shakalaka boom boom,karishma ka karishma,I love all this serials and I miss them alot I have even also searched these serials on youtube but I did’nt find any serial khali chote chote clips hai or kuch bhi nai me to ye serials hotstar pe bhi search kari lekin wahan pe bhi nahi hai. Main article: • – The ceases to demand from. • –: The first public demonstration of a system, is held in New York at the head office of. • –, a jet plane, disintegrates in mid-air due to and crashes in the Mediterranean near. All 35 people on board are killed. • – in Austria kill more than 200. • – marries player. • – leader is captured in. 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Good to Be King will serve as needed ammunition for libertarians and constitutionalists committed to resisting tyranny in America. I commend Michael Badnarik. Michael Badnarik. From Wikiquote. • – In,, one of the leading members of the, is relieved of his duties. • – The US-based is established with forty-six member. • – The first nuclear-powered, the, is launched in,. • – The foreign ministers of the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union meet at the. Main article: • • U.S. Officials announce that a test () has been conducted on in the Pacific Ocean. •: Four open fire in the chamber and wound five; they are apprehended by security guards. • – American journalists and produce a 30-minute documentary, entitled. • – Finland and Germany officially end their state of war. • – French troops begin the battle against the in. • – knocks out Willie Tory at, in the first prize fight to be shown in colour. • – In Vietnam, the capture the main airstrip of. The remaining French Army units there are partially isolated. • • The ceremony is held. • manufactures the first color television set (12-inch screen; price: $1,000) • The recognises the of. Soviet troops remain in the country. • – The nuclear test explosion is executed. • • Puerto Rico's first television station,, commences. • Trial of and 12 other Zionist leaders ends with harsh sentences in. • – A with French nurse on board is wrecked on the runway. • – The first operational in Canada opens in Toronto. Main article: • April – record ', thus starting the craze. • • The and President authorize the founding of the in. • is founded and becomes the largest school in the world. • – from the and asks for in Australia. • – The legendary symphony conductor experiences a lapse of memory during a concert. At this concert's end, his retirement is announced, and Toscanini never conducts in public again. • – gives his ' speech during a news conference. • – A Royal Canadian Air Force Canadair collides with a over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing 37 people. • – This day is denoted as the most boring day in the 20th century by, an developed by William Tunstall-Pedoe. No significant newsworthy events, births, or deaths are known to have happened on this day. • • resigns from the 's '. • A Soviet spy ring in Australia is unveiled. • – Vice President announces that the United States may be “putting our own boys in Indochina regardless of Allied support”. [ ] • – begins hearings investigating the for being 'soft' on. • • An on Korea and Indo-China opens in Geneva. • 's is released in Japan. Secretary of State accuses Communist China of sending combat troops to Indo-China to train the guerrillas. Main article: • – The grand opening of the took place in. This statue is one of the main monuments of Moscow. • – Early computer scientist commits suicide. • –:, special counsel for the, lashes out at, during hearings on whether has infiltrated the Army, saying, 'Have you, at long last, no decency?' • – The words 'under God' are added to the United States. • – The (Union of European Football Associations) is formed in, Switzerland. • – A occurs in. • – becomes prime minister of France. • • is expelled from a bus in South Carolina for sitting in a white-only section. •: 16-year old and her friend 15-year-old bludgeon Parker's mother to death using a brick at in New Zealand. • • President steps down in a -sponsored, triggering a bloody civil war that continues for more than 35 years. • The world's first opens at, near Moscow. Main article: • • The comes into effect. • The United States officially begins using the international unit of the nautical mile, equal to 6,076.11549 ft. Or 1,852 meters. • • ends with the lifting of restrictions on sale and purchase of meat, 14 years after it began early in and nearly a decade after the war's end. • “Miracle of Bern”: beats to win the. • – becomes the first Australian to win the. • • The maiden flight of the (or Dash 80), prototype of the series. •, the driver for German team, makes a new fastest lap of the with an average speed of 100.35 mph, the previous record being 100.16 mph. • – Release of 's first single, ', by (recorded July 5 in ). • –: The sends French forces to the south, and Vietnamese forces to the north, of a ceasefire line, and calls for elections to decide the government for all of by July 1956. Failure to abide by the terms of the agreement leads to the establishment de facto of regimes of and, and the. • – Italian mountaineers and become the first successfully to reach the summit of the peak. Main article: • – The last 'new' episode of radio program is broadcast, after 2,956 episodes over a period of 21 years. Reruns of old episodes continue to be transmitted. • – The treaty is signed in,. • – The (SEATO) is established in,. • – The 6.7 M w shakes northern with a maximum of XI ( Extreme). The shock destroyed, left 1,243–1,409 dead, and 5,000 injured. • – The Pageant is broadcast on television for the first time. • • The carries out the. • English composer ’s version of receives its world premiere at the in, Italy. • – in air travel: severe delays to flights due to bad weather along the. • – 's novel is published in London. • – win their first and only. • – The Japanese ferry sinks during a in the. More than 1,100 people are killed. Seven other ships are and at least nine others seriously damaged. • – The, the first nuclear-powered in the world, is commissioned into the. Main article: • • Pre-: The takes control of. • crosses over, killing 1,000. • – makes U.S. Landfall; it is the only recorded to strike as far north as. • • announces the development of the first commercial. The goes on sale the following month. • The, by and, is launched. • – A ' expands in England. • • West Germany joins. • sets up the to implement the (1948) providing for mutual self-defence and other collaboration between Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. • – caused by heavy rains hit, Italy, killing about 300. • – member Mahmoud Abdul Latif tries to kill. • –: The begins a revolt against French rule. November [ ]. Main article: • – The attacks representative and public buildings of the French colonial power. • • The dock workers' strike in the UK comes to an end. • The radio program, a pioneer in, is first broadcast on. A television version would follow in 1956. • – The first film premieres in Tokyo. • – Japan and sign a peace treaty in, to end their long-extinct state of war. President dedicates the (Iwo Jima memorial) at the Arlington National Cemetery. • – The main immigration port-of-entry in at closes permanently. • – Great Britain defeats France to capture the first ever Rugby League World Cup in Paris in front of around 30,000 spectators • – president is deposed, and replaces him. • – The decides the landmark case (348 U.S. 26), upholding the federal and urban renewal programs. • – The rises 3.27 points, or 0.86 percent, closing at an all-time high of 382.74. More significantly, this is the first time the Dow has surpassed its peak level reached just before the. • – In, a four-kilogram piece of the crashes through the roof of a house and badly bruises a napping woman, in the first documented case of an object from hitting a person. December [ ]. Main article: • – The first, The Hyatt House Los Angeles, opens on the grounds of. It is the first hotel in the world built on an airport property. • •: The votes 67–22 to condemn for 'conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute.' • The Taiwan-United States Mutual Defense Treaty is signed. • – The first opens in. • – The is created out of the Dutch Caribbean nations. It is later dissolved between and. • –, and perform the world's first successful in. • – gains full independence from France. Date titles [ ] • engineer develops the first engine (the 'Hamilton Jet') capable of propelling a. • The first electric is patented in Germany and named the after its inventor Gottlob Widmann. • The desegregates on the basis of race. • Gerbils ( ) are brought to the United States by Dr. Victor Schwentker. • The case of, who had admitted that he had painted the supposedly antique in himself, goes to trial. • The is introduced by the American entrepreneur. • founding balletmaster 's production of is staged for the first time in New York City, and it became a tradition there, still being performed annually as of 2010. • South Korea opens the. • In the is reorganised into the. • After the death of, the starts releasing political prisoners and deportees from its prison camps. Births [ ] January [ ]. • –, American politician • –, American heavy metal/punk guitarist • •, Fashion designer; mother of R&B singers and •, English professional poker player • –, American basketball player • –, British film and theatre director (d. ) • •, American actress •, music composer and pianist • –, Honduran sociologist • –, American radio host • –, South African–American musician • •, American cartoonist •, Japanese professional wrestler • –, Filipino writer • –, American socialite and environmental activist • •, American professional wrestler •, American actress and singer •, German actress • –, German politician • –, Austrian politician • •, Venezuelan singer and songwriter •, British/Dutch singer-songwriter () • •, German theologian and historian •, French football coach (d. ) •, Japanese voice actor (d. ) •, 11th Prime Minister of Tuvalu • •, Japanese cartoonist •, American actor •, American actress, talk show hostess, producer, and publisher February [ ]. • –, American child actor and musician • –, American model • –, German music producer and singer-songwriter (, ) • •, American entrepreneur •, Australian mining tycoon. •, English cybernetic scientist • –, Japanese composer • •, American cryptographer •, Georgian-Australian musicologist and academic •, Greek comedian, singer, and author • –, American baseball player (d. ) • –, American cartoonist • –, Scottish author (d. ) • •, American actress and fashion model •, Japanese free-style wrestler • •, American actor •, Malaysian actor • •, Tunisian writer •, Brazilian footballer (d. ) • •, English actor •, American heiress and kidnapping victim • –, • –, Canadian programmer and game designer, notable for the series • –, Uruguayan football manager • –, March [ ]. • –, German soccer player • –, Japanese musician • –, Canadian linguist and radio/television personality • •, English actress •, American poet and publisher; founded • •, Hong Kong-born actor and martial artist •, American football player • •, American baseball player (d. ) •, American actor, better known for his role in • •, Canadian musician •, American actor • •, Mexican-born American singer •, East German artistic gymnast • –, American science fiction writer • –, American actress • •, Japanese voice actor •, Canadian wrestler (d. ) • –, Japanese voice actor • –, American filmmaker/political activist • –, American football player and broadcaster • –, American football head coach • •, American composer •, Filipino actor and host • •, American founder of •, Japanese costume designer •, American actor, comedian and producer May [ ]. • •, British politician and businessman •, American musician and composer •, 2-Time Prime Minister of Tuvalu •, Australian actor and comedian • –, American composer • –, Dominican writer • •, Belgian cartoonist •, American film director • •, puppeteer •, American Christian musician •, British entertainer • –, Australian-born Irish singer and composer, 1980, 1987 winner dubbed as 'Mister Eurovision' • – ('Yoyes'), Spanish Basque separatist leader (d. ) • •, Japanese voice actor •, Australian rock drummer ( ) • –, American politician, Governor of New York • –, Japanese electronics engineer • •, 11th Prime Minister of Madagascar •, Malaysian singer and songwriter (d. ) • –, American murderer (d. ) • •, Australian politician •, American theoretical physicist and science writer June [ ]. • –, Retired Japanese voice actress • –, Japanese actor and voice actor • –, American actress and Christian author • –, American actor • •, American physicist and U.S. Presidential candidate •, leader of the • –, American actor • •, American actor ( ) •, American politician • –, Russian pianist, composer, improvisor, performance artist and actor (d. ) • •, American artist •, American actress • •, American rock bassist ( ) •, German electrical engineer and mathematician •, fighter pilot and 's first (d. ) • –, British actress ( ) (d. ) • –, American actor and comedian (d. ) • •, •, Soviet pair skater • –, American actor (d. ) • –, Mayor of Dallas, Texas • –, American country singer ( ) • –, American baseball player and coach • •, (d. ) •, July [ ]. • •, British artist •, American actress • –, New Zealand cricket captain • –, American baseball player, coach, manager • –, American theologian and writer, scholar and editor • –, Canadian businessman, television personality, and political candidate • •, American baseball player •, British singer-songwriter, musician and journalist () •, Japanese voice actor (d. ) • –, singer • •, Tunisian footballer •, Argentine footballer • –, American politician • •, 8th •, Vanuatu politician and (d. ) •, Argentine golfer •, American author • –, American syndicated columnist and entertainer • –, Canadian actor • –, Portuguese football player and coach • –, African-American football player (d. ) • •, American tennis player (d. ) •, Mexican actor and director • •, French race car driver •, British actress (d. ) • –, American Christian musician August [ ]. • •, American software engineer and presidential candidate •, American nonfiction author of several award-winning books. •, Japanese actor and voice actor • –, Hong Kong-British entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. ) • •, Hungarian actress •, French singer-songwriter and composer •, Swiss artist • –, British drummer for the Elvis Costello band • –, British jazz musician ( Steppin' Out) • •, 2012–17 •, American actor •, American jazz guitarist • •, player •, Estonian singer and actor • •, American baseball player (d. Army general • –, Canadian-born film director • •, Russian-Irish writer •, • •, American disc jockey and music video producer (d. ) •, American television personality and host •, East German artistic gymnast •, American actor • •, American drummer •, American author and publisher • •, English actor •, American director, writer and actor • –, French singer • –, English singer-songwriter • –, Hungarian keyboardist (d. ) • –, • •, •, British model September [ ]. • –, Canadian ice hockey player • •, American actor •, Czech entrepreuner and politician, 12th • –, American businesswoman, former CEO of (1999-2005), and Senator 's running mate in the • –, American actor • –, Iranian politician • –, American businessman; 46th Commissioner of the (2003–07) • –, Australian musician • –, Israeli Author and Playwright (d. ) • –, French composer • –, American basketball player (d. ) • •, current •, American ecologist •, English drummer ( and ) • –, wife of British Prime Minister • –, Salvadoran guerrilla (d. ) • –, American baseball manager and television host • –, American football player and congressman • –, American actor October [ ]. • –, Slovenian swimmer • •, American Christian keyboardist and producer •, American baseball player •, African-American political activist •, American musician (d. ) • –, American Christian musician • –, American voice actor • –, American televangelist and the son of • •, American actor (, ) •, American actor and game show host • •, Egyptian singer and actor •, American rock singer • –, Jamaican singer and producer • –, a former Israeli nuclear technician who revealed secrets of its program • •, Australian poet •, English actor • –, Japanese voice actor • –, Taiwanese film director • •, American actor •, South Dakota politician •, • –, 56th Prime Minister of Romania • •, American actress •, Peruvian photographer November [ ]. • –, Australian author, television writer, producer and comedian (d. ) • •, English singer •, American actress and comedian •, Taiwanese actress • •, American singer •, Indian actor •, American bar consultant, television host and author • •, first Undersecretary of Emergency Preparedness and Response, a division of the United States' Department of Homeland Security •, Japanese-born British author, laureate • –, American television hostess, actress and comedian • –, American actor • •, Puerto Rican player •, French road bicycle racer •, •, Greek musician • –, • –, American golf caddy (d. ) • –, English rock singer and musician • –, • –, • –, American rock singer • •, American cartoonist •, American performance artist and playwright • •, American actress •, American actress • –, American actor and voice actor • –, American film director, producer, screenwriter and editor December [ ]. • –, American television personality and game show host • •, American actor •, American television journalist • –, American author • –, American actor and producer • –, Swiss-born Austrian composer and conductor • –, American forger and murderer • –, English singer and musician () • •, West Indian cricketer (d. ) •, African-American singer •, Nepalese Communist leader • –, American country music singer-songwriter • •, Danish dancer •, American race car driver (d. ) • –, American politician • •, American actor •, German rock guitarist ( Scorpions) • •, •, American writer • –, American tennis player • –, Costa Rican politician, President – • –, British rock musician and was lead singer of • •, American dog-sled racer (d. ) •, HOF baseball shortstop • •, American professional wrestler •, African-American actor • –, German mathematician • –, Scottish politician Deaths [ ] January [ ] • •, American baseball player () and a member of the (b. ) •, English actress (b. ) • –, Estonian artist (b. ) • –, Austrian composer (b. ) • –, American admiral (b. ) • –, English actor (b. ) • –, English cricketer (b. ) • •, Canadian theater director and producer (b. ) •, Irish physician (b. ) • •, American electrical engineer (b. ) •, American actress (b. ) February [ ] • –, American poet and novelist (murdered) (b. ) • –, American actor (b. ) • –, American actress (b. ) • –, British executioner (b. ) • –, Russian filmmaker (b. ) • –, 24th (b. ) • –, American film director (b. • •, German chemist, laureate (b. ) •, Namesake for the (b. ) • –, Swedish oceanographer (b. ) • –, German painter (b. ) • –, former (b. ) • –, American film composer (b. ) • •, American writer (b. ) •, German physicist (b. ) April [ ] • –, (b. ) • –, actress & singer (b. ) • –, French film pioneer (b. ) • –, Mexican lawyer, politician and writer (b. ) • –, Premier (b. ) • –, Estonian soldier and forest brother (b. ) • –, Romanian communist activist and sociologist (b. ) • –, French labor leader, recipient of the (b. ) • •, British writer (b. ) •, Austrian-born director (b. ) May [ ] • –, American actor (b. ) • –, Polish footballer and physician (b. 1896) • –, French sculptor and illustrator (b. ) • –, Scottish-born publisher (b. ) • –, German general (b. ) • –, American writer and soldier (b. ) • –, American composer (b. ) • –, Native-American baseball player () and a member of the (b. ) • –, Hungarian-born photojournalist (b. ) • –, former Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly and head of State of Albania (b. • •, German actress (b. ) •, 48th (b. ) • –, American painter (b. ) • •, Hungarian-born film producer and director (b. ) •, Indian-born lawyer (b. ) • –, English physician and author (b. ) • •, Mexican painter (b. ) •, American actor and director (b. ) •, American sportswriter (b. ) • •, Spanish dramatist, laureate (b. ) •, American silent screen actress (b. ) • –, German composer (b. ) • –, American gangster (b. ) • –, Swiss architect (b. ) • – or 'Sojin', Japanese film star during the American silent film era (b. ) • –, Dutch speed skater (b. ) August [ ]. • •, American writer (b. ) •, French novelist (b. ) • –, President of the Zeppelin Dirigible Company (b. ) • –, Italian statesman and Christian Democracy politician, 30th (b. ) • –, 14th and 17th (suicide) (b. ) • –, American writer (b. ) September [ ] • –, American aviator (b. ) • –, German- political activist and Marxist theorist (b. ) • –, American actor (b. ) • –, German politician (b. ) • –, American admiral (b. ) • •, American cartoonist (b. ) •, American college football coach (b. ) • –, French artist, painter and sculptor (b. ) • –, Japanese pearl farm pioneer (b. ) • –, British homeowner (suicide) (b. ) • –, Spanish writer (b. ) • –, German field marshal (b. ) • –, American actor (b. ) October [ ] • –, French philosopher and psychologist (b. ) • –, United States Supreme Court associate justice and chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials (b. ) • –, American aviator (b. ) • –, American baseball player () and a member of the (b. ) • –, Indian poet, writer, novelist and essayist in (b. ) • –, American racing driver (b. ) November [ ]. • –, French painter (b. ) • –, German field marshal (b. ) • –, American actor (b. ) • –, American botanist (b. ) • –, Russian-born Israeli poet and columnist (b. ) • –, American aviator and aircraft designer and manufacturer, founder of the (b. ) • •, American professional boxing and wrestling promoter; founder of (b. ) •, American actor (b. ) •, Russian jurist and diplomat, former (b. ) • –, Italian physicist, laureate (b. ) • –, American musician (b. ) • –, German conductor (b. ) December [ ] • –, American songwriter (b. ) • •, French photographer and writer (b. ) •, American actress (b. ) • –, English novelist (b. ) • –, French sculptor (b. ) • –, American cartridge designer (b. ) • •, Austrian field marshal (b. ) •, German industrialist who founded an industrial empire that today includes BMW and Altana (b. ) Nobel Prizes [ ]. For the sixteenth-century English politician, see. John Kerry 68th In office February 1, 2013 – January 20, 2017 President Deputy (Acting) Preceded by Succeeded by Chair of the In office January 6, 2009 – February 1, 2013 Preceded by Succeeded by Chair of the In office January 4, 2007 – January 3, 2009 Preceded by Succeeded by In office June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003 Preceded by Succeeded by from In office January 2, 1985 – February 1, 2013 Preceded by Succeeded by 66th In office March 6, 1983 – January 2, 1985 Governor Preceded by Succeeded by Personal details Born John Forbes Kerry ( 1943-12-11) December 11, 1943 (age 74), U.S. Political party Spouse(s) ( m. 1970; div. 1988) ( m. 1995) Children and Parents and Relatives (brother) Education () () Signature Military service Allegiance Service/branch Years of service 1966–1978 Rank Unit Coastal Squadron 1 Commands PCF-44 PCF-94 Battles/wars () Awards (with ) (3) John Forbes Kerry (; born December 11, 1943) is an American politician who served as the from 2013 to 2017. A, he previously represented in the from 1985 to 2013. He was the Democratic nominee in the, losing to incumbent. Kerry was born in and attended in and. He graduated from in 1966 with a major in. Kerry enlisted in the in 1966, and between 1968 and 1969, he served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in as (OIC) of a. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the,, and three. Securing an early return to the United States, Kerry joined the organization in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken. He appeared in the before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of. After receiving a from, Kerry worked as an in Massachusetts. He served as under from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the, he led a from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the. Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008. On October 11, 2002, Kerry voted to authorize the President 'to use force, if necessary, to disarm,' but warned that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war. In his, Kerry criticized for the. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator, lost the election, finishing 35 behind Bush and. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President to succeed outgoing Secretary of State and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013. Kerry retained the position until the end of Obama's tenure on, he was succeeded. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Early life and education (1943–1966) John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11, 1943, in,. He is the second of four children born to, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and, a nurse and social activist. His father was raised (John's paternal grandparents were immigrants who converted to Catholicism) and his mother was. He was raised with an elder sister named Margaret (born 1941), a younger sister named Diana (born 1947) and a younger brother named (born 1950). The children were raised in their father's faith; John Kerry served as an. Kerry grew up a until his father was discharged from the, causing the family to settle in in 1949. While in Washington, Richard took a spot in the 's Office of General Counsel and soon became a in the 's Bureau of Affairs. His extended maternal family enjoyed great wealth as members of the and families. Kerry's parents themselves were, and a wealthy paid for him to attend elite. In 1957, his father was stationed at the U.S. Embassy in,, and Kerry was sent back to the United States to attend boarding school. He first attended the in, and later, where he learned skills in and began developing an interest in. Kerry founded the Society at St. Paul's to debate the issues of the day; the Society still exists there. A young John Kerry (in white) aboard the yacht of, in 1962 In 1962, Kerry entered, majoring in and residing in.: 35 He graduated with a in 1966. Kerry played on the varsity team, earning his only letter in his senior year. He also played freshman and JV and, in his senior year, JV. In addition, he was a member of the fraternity and took flying lessons.: 37, 43 Kerry was playing in a Harvard-Yale soccer game when he heard that President Kennedy had been assassinated. Kerry had previously been on Kennedy's yacht in 1962. In his year, Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the, and a year later he served as President of the Union. Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor, who was himself a former President of the Political Union. His involvement with the Political Union gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the and the program. He also became a of, and traveled to Switzerland through Yale. Under the guidance of the speaking coach and history professor Rollin Osterweis, Kerry won many debates against other college students from across the nation. In March 1965, as the Vietnam War escalated, he won the Ten Eyck prize as the best in the junior class for a speech that was critical of U.S.. In the speech he said, 'It is the spectre of Western that causes more fear among Africans and Asians than communism and thus, it is self-defeating.' Overall, Kerry had lackluster at Yale, graduating with a cumulative average of 76 over his four years. His freshman-year average was a 71, but he improved to an 81 average for his senior year. He never received an 'A' during his time at Yale; his highest grade was an 89. Military service (1966–1970). Main article: Duty on the USS Gridley On February 18, 1966, Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve. He began his active duty military service on August 19, 1966. After completing 16 weeks of at the U.S. Naval Training Center in, Kerry received his officer's commission on December 16, 1966. During the 2004 election, Kerry posted his military records at his website, and permitted reporters to inspect his medical records. In 2005, Kerry released his military and medical records to the representatives of three news organizations, but has not authorized full public access to those records. During his tour on the, Kerry requested duty in South Vietnam, listing as his first preference a position as the commander of a (PCF), also known as a 'Swift boat.' These 50-foot (15 m) boats have and have little or no armor, but are heavily armed and rely on speed. 'I didn't really want to get involved in the war', Kerry said in a book of Vietnam reminiscences published in 1986. 'When I signed up for the swift boats, they had very little to do with the war. They were engaged in coastal patrolling and that's what I thought I was going to be doing.' However, his second choice of billet was on a river patrol boat, or ', which at the time was serving a more dangerous duty on the rivers of Vietnam. Military honors During the night of December 2 and early morning of December 3, 1968, Kerry was in charge of a small boat operating near a peninsula north of together with a Swift boat (PCF-60). According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that night, Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis, they surprised a group of Vietnamese men unloading at a river crossing, who began running and failed to obey an order to stop. As the men fled, Kerry and his crew opened fire on the sampans and destroyed them, then rapidly left. During this encounter, Kerry received a shrapnel wound in the left arm above the elbow. It was for this injury that Kerry received his first. Kerry received his second Purple Heart for a wound received in action on the on February 20, 1969. The plan had been for the Swift boats to be accompanied by support helicopters. On the way up the Bo De, however, the helicopters were attacked. As the Swift boats reached the, Kerry's boat was hit by a (rocket propelled grenade round), and a piece of hit Kerry's left leg, wounding him. Thereafter, enemy fire ceased and his boat reached the safely. Kerry continues to have shrapnel embedded in his left thigh because the doctors that first treated him decided to remove the damaged tissue and close the wound with rather than make a wide opening to remove the shrapnel. Though wounded like several others earlier that day, Kerry did not lose any time off from duty. Silver Star Eight days later, on February 28, 1969, came the events for which Kerry was awarded his. On this occasion, Kerry was in tactical command of his Swift boat and two other Swift boats during a combat operation. Their mission on the included bringing an underwater demolition team and dozens of South Vietnamese Marines to destroy enemy, structures and bunkers as described in the story The Death Of PCF 43. Running into heavy small arms fire from the river banks, Kerry 'directed the units to turn to the beach and charge the positions' and he 'expertly directed' his boat's fire causing the enemy to flee while at the same time coordinating the insertion of the ninety South Vietnamese troops (according to the original medal citation signed by Admiral Zumwalt). Moving a short distance upstream, Kerry's boat was the target of a B-40 rocket round; Kerry charged the enemy positions and as his boat and, a Viet Cong ('VC') insurgent armed with a rocket launcher emerged from a and ran. While the boat's gunner opened fire, wounding the VC in the leg, and while the other boats approached and offered cover fire, Kerry jumped from the boat to pursue the VC insurgent, subsequently killing him and capturing his loaded rocket launcher. Kerry's commanding officer, George Elliott, stated to in 2003 that he did not know whether to court-martial Kerry for beaching the boat without orders or give him a medal for saving the crew. Elliott recommended Kerry for the Silver Star, and Zumwalt flew into An Thoi to personally award medals to Kerry and the rest of the sailors involved in the mission. The Navy's account of Kerry's actions is presented in the original signed by Zumwalt. The engagement was documented in an after-action report, a press release written on March 1, 1969, and a historical summary dated March 17, 1969. Bronze Star On March 13, 1969, on the, Kerry was in charge of one of five Swift boats that were returning to their base after performing an mission to transport South Vietnamese troops from the garrison at and advisors for a raid on a Vietcong camp located on the Rach Dong Cung canal. Earlier in the day, Kerry received a slight shrapnel wound in the buttocks from blowing up a rice bunker. Debarking some but not all of the passengers at a small village, the boats approached a fishing; one group of boats went around to the left of the weir, hugging the shore, and a group with Kerry's PCF-94 boat went around to the right, along the shoreline. A mine was detonated directly beneath the lead boat, PCF-3, as it crossed the weir to the left, lifting PCF-3 'about 2-3 ft out of water'., a advisor who was aboard Kerry's PCF-94, was knocked overboard when, according to witnesses and the documentation of the event, a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat. According to the documentation for the event, Kerry's arm was injured when he was thrown against a bulkhead during the explosion. PCF 94 returned to the scene and Kerry rescued Rassmann who was receiving sniper fire from the water. Kerry received the with for 'heroic achievement', for his actions during this incident; he also received his third Purple Heart. Return from Vietnam After Kerry's third qualifying wound, he was entitled per Navy regulations to reassignment away from combat duties. Kerry's preferred choice for reassignment was as a military aide in Boston, or On April 11, 1969, he reported to the -based Atlantic, where he would remain on active duty for the following year as a personal aide to an officer, Rear Admiral Walter Schlech. On January 1, 1970, Kerry was temporarily promoted to full. Kerry had agreed to an extension of his active duty obligation from December 1969 to August 1970 in order to perform Swift Boat duty. John Kerry was on active duty in the United States Navy from August 1966 until January 1970. He continued to serve in the Naval Reserve until February 1978. Main article: With the continuing that had surrounded the military service of since the (when he was accused of having used his father's political influence to gain entrance to the, thereby protecting himself from conscription into the, and possible service in the ), John Kerry's contrasting status as a decorated Vietnam War veteran posed a problem for Bush's re-election campaign, which Republicans sought to counter by calling Kerry's war record into question. As the presidential campaign of 2004 developed, approximately 250 members of a group called (SBVT, later renamed Swift Vets and POWs for Truth) opposed Kerry's campaign. The group held press conferences, ran ads and endorsed a book questioning Kerry's service record and his military awards. The group included several members of Kerry's unit, such as Larry Thurlow, who commanded a swift boat alongside of Kerry's, and Stephen Gardner, who served on Kerry's boat. The campaign inspired the widely used political pejorative ', to describe an unfair or untrue political attack. Most of Kerry's former crewmates have stated that SBVT's allegations are false. Anti-war activism (1970–1971). Main article: After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the (VVAW). Then numbering about 20,000, VVAW was considered by some (including the administration of President ) to be an effective, if controversial, component of the antiwar movement. Kerry participated in the ' conducted by VVAW of U.S. Atrocities in Vietnam, and he appears in a film by that name that documents the investigation. According to Nixon Secretary of Defense, 'I didn't approve of what he did, but I understood the protesters quite well', and he declined two requests from the Navy to court martial Reserve Lieutenant Kerry over his antiwar activity. On April 22, 1971, Kerry appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing on proposals relating to ending the war. The day after this testimony, Kerry participated in a demonstration with thousands of other veterans in which he and other Vietnam War veterans threw their medals and service ribbons over a fence erected at the front steps of the building to dramatize their opposition to the war. Jack Smith, a, read a statement explaining why the veterans were returning their military awards to the government. For more than two hours, almost 1000 angry veterans tossed their medals, ribbons, hats, jackets, and military papers over the fence. Each veteran gave his or her name, hometown, branch of service and a statement. Kerry threw some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw. As Kerry threw his decorations over the fence, his statement was: 'I'm not doing this for any violent reasons, but for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all.' Kerry was arrested on May 30, 1971, during a VVAW march to honor American held captive. The march was planned as a multi-day event from to Boston, and while in, participants tried to camp on the village green. At 2:30 a.m., local and state police arrested 441 demonstrators, including Kerry, for trespassing. All were given the and were hauled away on school buses to spend the night at the Lexington Public Works Garage. Kerry and the other protesters later paid a $5 fine, and were released. The mass arrests caused a community backlash and ended up giving positive coverage to the VVAW. Early political career (1972–1985) 1972 Congressional election In 1970, Kerry had considered running for Congress in the Democratic primary against hawkish Democrat of, but deferred in favor of, a Jesuit priest and anti-war activist, who went on to defeat Philbin. In February 1972, Kerry's wife bought a house in, with Kerry intending to run against the aging thirteen-term incumbent Democrat,. The couple never moved in. After Republican Congressman of the neighboring announced his retirement and then resignation to become at the. The couple instead rented an apartment in, so that Kerry could run to succeed him. Including Kerry, the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates, including attorney, State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Kerry ran a 'very expensive, sophisticated campaign', financed by out-of-state backers and supported by many young volunteers. DiFruscia's campaign headquarters shared the same building as Kerry's. On the eve of the September 19 primary, police found Kerry's younger brother and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, breaking into where the building's telephone lines were located. They were arrested and charged with ' with the intent to commit ', but the charges were dropped a year later. At the time of the incident, DiFruscia alleged that the two were trying to disrupt his get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut. Despite the arrests, Kerry won the primary with 20,771 votes (27.56%). Sheehy came second with 15,641 votes (20.75%), followed by DiFruscia with 12,222 votes (16.22%), Desmond with 10,213 votes (13.55%) and Kennedy with 5,632 votes (7.47%). The remaining 10,891 votes were split amongst the other five candidates, with 1970 nominee Richard Williams coming last with just 1,706 votes (2.26%). In the general election, Kerry was initially favored to defeat the Republican candidate, former State Representative, and conservative Democrat Roger P. Durkin, who ran as an Independent. A week after the primary, one poll put Kerry 26-points ahead of Cronin. His campaign called for a national health insurance system, discounted prescription drugs for the unemployed, a jobs program to clean up the and rent controls in Lowell and. A major obstacle, however, was the district's leading newspaper, the. The paper editorialized against him. It also ran critical news stories about his out-of-state contributions and his ', because he had only moved into the district in April. Subsequently, released 'Watergate' Oval Office tape recordings of the Nixon White House showed that defeating Kerry's candidacy had attracted the personal attention of President Nixon. Kerry himself asserts that Nixon sent operatives to Lowell to help derail his campaign. The race was the most expensive for Congress in the country that year and four days before the general election, Durkin withdrew and endorsed Cronin, hoping to see Kerry defeated. The week before, a poll had put Kerry 10 points ahead of Cronin, with Dukin on 13%. In the final days of the campaign, Kerry sensed that it was 'slipping away' and Cronin emerged victorious by 110,970 votes (53.45%) to Kerry's 92,847 (44.72%). After his defeat, Kerry lamented in a letter to supporters that 'for two solid weeks, [ The Sun] called me un-American, New Left antiwar agitator, unpatriotic, and labeled me every other 'un-' and 'anti-' that they could find. It's hard to believe that one newspaper could be so powerful, but they were.' He later felt that his failure to respond directly to The Sun 's attacks cost him the race. Law career After Kerry's 1972 defeat, he and his wife bought a house in Belvidere, Lowell, entering a decade which his brother Cameron later called 'the years in exile'. He spent some time working as a fundraiser for the (CARE), an international humanitarian organization. In September 1973, he entered. While studying, Kerry worked as a talk radio host on and, in July 1974, was named executive director of Mass Action, a Massachusetts advocacy association. Kerry received his () from Boston College in 1976. While in law school he had been a student prosecutor in the office of the of, John J. After passing the bar exam and being admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1976, he went to work in that office as a full-time prosecutor. In January 1977, Droney promoted him to First Assistant District Attorney, essentially making Kerry his campaign and media surrogate because Droney was afflicted with (ALS, or 's Disease). As First Assistant, Kerry tried cases, which included winning convictions in a high-profile rape case and a murder. He also played a role in administering the office, including initiating the creation of special white-collar and organized crime units, creating programs to address the problems of rape and other crime victims and witnesses, and managing trial calendars to reflect case priorities. It was in this role in 1978 that Kerry announced an investigation into possible criminal charges against then Senator, regarding 'misstatements' in his first divorce trial. The inquiry ended with no charges being brought after investigators and prosecutors determined that Brooke's misstatements were pertinent to the case, but were not material enough to have affected the outcome. Droney's health was poor and Kerry had decided to run for his position in the 1978 election should Droney drop out. However, Droney was re-elected and his health improved; he went on to re-assume many of the duties that he had delegated to Kerry. Kerry thus decided to leave, departing in 1979 with assistant DA Roanne Sragow to set up their own law firm. Kerry also worked as a commentator for and co-founded a bakery, Kilvert & Forbes Ltd., with businessman and former aide K. Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts In 1982, declined to seek a third term to run for, though he would fall foul of the state Democratic Party's rule changes and failed to make the ballot. Kerry declared his candidacy, entering the primary election alongside Massachusetts Secretary of Environmental Affairs, State Senator, State Representative and. Kerry won the nomination with 325,890 votes (29%) to Murphy's 286,378 (25.48%), Rotondi's 228,086 (20.29%), Nickinello's 150,829 (13.42%) and Pines' 132,734 (11.81%). In the concurrent gubernatorial primary, former Governor defeated incumbent Governor. The Dukakis/Kerry ticket defeated the Republican ticket of and in the by 1,219,109 votes (61.92%) to 749,679 (38.08%). As Lieutenant Governor, Kerry led meetings of the. Dukakis also delegated other tasks to Kerry, including serving as the state's liaison to the federal government. He was also active on environmental issues, including combating. Senate election. Kerry during his 1984 campaign The junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts,, announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for health reasons. Kerry ran, and as in his 1982 race for Lieutenant Governor, he did not receive the endorsement of the party regulars at the state Democratic convention. Congressman, a favorite of, was the early favorite to win the nomination, and he 'won broad establishment support and led in early polling.' Again as in 1982, however, Kerry prevailed in a close primary. In his general election campaign, Kerry promised to mix liberalism with tight budget controls. He defeated Republican despite a nationwide landslide for the re-election of Republican President, for whom Massachusetts voted by a narrow margin. In his victory speech, Kerry asserted that his win meant that the people of Massachusetts 'emphatically reject the politics of selfishness and the notion that women must be treated as second-class citizens.' Tsongas resigned on January 2, 1985, one day before the end of his term. Dukakis appointed Kerry to fill the vacancy, giving him over other new senators who were sworn in on January 3, the scheduled start of their new terms. Senate (1985–2013). Main article: On April 18, 1985, a few months after taking his Senate seat, Kerry and Senator of traveled to and met the country's president,. Though Ortega had won internationally certified elections, the trip was criticized because Ortega and his government had strong ties to and the and were accused of human rights abuses. The Sandinista government was opposed by the -backed rebels known as the. While in Nicaragua, Kerry and Harkin talked to people on both sides of the conflict. Through the senators, Ortega offered a cease-fire agreement in exchange for the U.S. Dropping support of the Contras. The offer was denounced by the administration as a ' initiative' designed to influence a House vote on a $14 million Contra, but Kerry said 'I am willing. To take the risk in the effort to put to test the good faith of the Sandinistas.' The House voted down the Contra aid, but Ortega flew to Moscow to accept a $200 million loan the next day, which in part prompted the House to pass a larger $27 million aid package six weeks later. A Senate portrait of Kerry Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations and, on October 14, issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of, who had set up a private network involving the and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras). In effect, North and certain members of the President's administration were accused by Kerry's report of illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress. Kerry's staff investigation, based on a year-long inquiry and interviews with fifty unnamed sources, is said to raise 'serious questions about whether the United States has abided by the law in its handling of the contras over the past three years.' The found that 'the Contra drug links included. Payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies.' State Department paid over $806,000 to known drug traffickers to carry humanitarian assistance to the Contras. Kerry's findings provoked little reaction in the media and official Washington. The Kerry report was a precursor to the. On May 4, 1989, North was convicted of charges relating to the Iran/Contra controversy, including three felonies. On September 16, 1991, however, North's convictions were overturned on appeal. Bush administration On November 15, 1988, at a businessmen's breakfast in, Massachusetts, Kerry made a joke about then- and his running mate, saying 'if Bush is shot, the has orders to shoot.' He apologized the following day. During their investigation of Noriega, Kerry's staff found reason to believe that the -based (BCCI) had facilitated Noriega's drug trafficking and. This led to a separate inquiry into BCCI, and as a result, banking regulators shut down BCCI in 1991. In December 1992, Kerry and Senator, a Republican from Colorado, released The BCCI Affair, a report on the BCCI scandal. The report showed that the bank was crooked and was working with, including. It blasted the, the, the, the, as well as influential and the CIA. Kerry was criticized by some Democrats for having pursued his own party members, including former, although Republicans said he should have pressed against some Democrats even harder. The BCCI scandal was later turned over to the 's office. Precursors to presidential bid. See also: and In 1996, Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor, a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71% of the vote. The race was covered nationwide as one of the most closely watched Senate races that year. Kerry and Weld held several debates and negotiated a campaign spending cap of $6.9 million at Kerry's townhouse. Both candidates spent more than the cap, with each camp accusing the other of being first to break the agreement. During the campaign, Kerry spoke briefly at the. Kerry won re-election with 53 percent to Weld's 45 percent. In the 2000 presidential election, Kerry found himself close to being chosen as the vice presidential running mate. A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator, Indiana Senator, Missouri Congressman, New Hampshire Governor and Connecticut Senator. 'You get stuck in Iraq' controversy On October 30, 2006, Kerry was a headline speaker at a campaign rally being held for Democratic at in. Speaking to an audience composed mainly of college students, Kerry said, 'You know, education, if you make the most of it, you study hard, you do your homework and you make an effort to be smart, you can do well. If you don't, you get stuck in Iraq.' The day after the remarks were made public, leaders from both sides of the political spectrum criticized Kerry's remarks, which he said were a botched joke. Republicans including President George W. Bush, Senator and then-Speaker of the House, said that Kerry's comments were insulting to American military forces fighting in Iraq. Democratic Representative called on Kerry to apologize. Kerry initially stated: 'Let me make it crystal clear, as crystal clear as I know how. I apologize to no one for my criticism of the president and of his broken policy.' Kerry also responded to criticism from George W. Kerry actively supported an in, January 2011 Kerry said that he had intended the remark as a jab at President Bush, and described the remarks as a 'botched joke', having inadvertently left out the key word 'us' (which would have been, 'If you don't, you get us stuck in Iraq'), as well as leaving the phrase 'just ask President Bush' off of the end of the sentence. In Kerry's prepared remarks, which he released during the ensuing media frenzy, the corresponding line was '. You end up getting us stuck in a war in Iraq. Just ask President Bush.' He also said that from the context of the speech which, prior to the 'stuck in Iraq' line, made several specific references to Bush and elements of his biography, that Kerry was referring to President Bush and not American troops in general. After two days of media coverage, citing a desire not to be a diversion, Kerry apologized to those who took offense at what he called the misinterpretation of his comment. Kerry with Spokesman to the Prime Minister of Pakistan,, in 2009 Kerry 'has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis,' a Washington Post report stated in May 2011, as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries. The killing of 'has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet,' the report continued, as the senator spoke at a press conference and prepared to fly from to Pakistan. Among matters discussed during the May visit to Pakistan, under the general rubric of 'recalibrating' the bilateral relationship, Kerry sought and retrieved from the Pakistanis the tail-section of the which had had to be abandoned at during the bin Laden strike. In 2013, Kerry met with Pakistan's army chief to discuss the peace process with the in Afghanistan. Voting record Overall Most analyses place Kerry's voting record on the left within the Senate Democratic caucus. During the 2004 presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch by conservative groups and the Bush campaign, who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the 's top Senate liberal. However, that rating was based only upon voting on legislation within that past year. In fact, in terms of career voting records, the National Journal found that Kerry is the 11th most liberal member of the Senate. Most analyses find that Kerry is at least slightly more liberal than the typical Democratic Senator. Kerry has stated that he opposes privatizing, supports rights for adult women and minors, supports, opposes except for, supports most, and is generally a supporter of trade agreements. Kerry supported the and status for China, but opposed the. [ ] In July 1997 Kerry joined his Senate colleagues in voting against ratification of the on without greenhouse gas emissions limits on nations deemed developing, including India and China. Since then, Kerry has attacked President Bush, charging him with opposition to international efforts to combat global warming. On October 1, 2008, Kerry voted for, also known as the bailout. Iraq In the lead up to the, Kerry said on October 9, 2002; 'I will be voting to give the President of the United States the authority to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein because I believe that a deadly arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in his hands is a real and grave threat to our security.' Bush relied on that resolution in ordering the. Kerry also gave a January 23, 2003 speech to saying 'Without question, we need to disarm Saddam Hussein. He is a brutal, murderous dictator; leading an oppressive regime he presents a particularly grievous threat because he is so consistently prone to miscalculation. So the threat of Saddam Hussein with weapons of mass destruction is real.' Kerry did, however, warn that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war: 'Mr. President, do not rush to war, take the time to build the coalition, because it's not winning the war that's hard, it's winning the peace that's hard.' After the invasion of Iraq, when no were found, Kerry strongly criticized Bush, contending that he had misled the country: 'When the President of the United States looks at you and tells you something, there should be some trust.' Leadership Kerry chaired the from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was 'no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.' In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for normalization. In 1995, President normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam. Kerry was the chairman of the from 1987 to 1989. He was reelected to the Senate in, (after winning re-election against the then- Republican ),, and. In January 2009, Kerry replaced as the chairman of the. As a role model for campus leaders across the nation and strong advocate for global development, Kerry was honored by the Millennium Campus Network (MCN) as a in 2011. Committee assignments During his tenure, Kerry served on four Senate committees and nine subcommittees: • • • (Chairman) • • • • • • • • • (Chairman 2009-2013) • • Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe • Caucus memberships • Congressional Bicameral High-Speed and Intercity Rail Caucus • Congressional Internet Caucus • Congressional Vietnam-Era Veterans Caucus (Co-Chair) • • Senate Prosecutors Caucus (Co-Chair) • Seniority. Kerry on the campaign trail in In the 2004 Democratic, John Kerry defeated several Democratic rivals, including Sen. (D-North Carolina.), former Vermont Governor and retired General. His victory in the Iowa caucuses is widely believed to be the tipping point where Kerry revived his sagging campaign in New Hampshire and the February 3, 2004, primary states like Arizona, South Carolina and New Mexico. Kerry then went on to win landslide victories in Nevada and Wisconsin. Kerry thus won the Democratic nomination to run for President of the United States against incumbent George W. On July 6, 2004, he announced his selection of as his running mate. Democratic strategist, who was Kerry's 2004 campaign adviser, wrote an article in claiming that after the election, Kerry had said that he wished he had never picked Edwards, and that the two have since stopped speaking to each other. In a subsequent appearance on ABC's This Week, Kerry refused to respond to Shrum's allegation, calling it a 'ridiculous waste of time.' During his bid to be elected president in, Kerry frequently criticized President for starting the. While Kerry had initially voted in support of authorizing President Bush to use force in dealing with Saddam Hussein, he voted against an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war. His statement on March 16, 2004, 'I actually did vote for the $87 billion before I voted against it,' helped the Bush campaign to paint him as a flip-flopper and has been cited as contributing to Kerry's defeat. On November 3, 2004, Kerry conceded the race. Kerry won 59.03 million votes, or 48.3 percent of the popular vote; Bush won 62.04 million votes, or 50.7 percent of the popular vote. Kerry carried states with a total of 252. One Kerry elector voted for Kerry's running mate, Edwards, so in the final tally Kerry had 251 electoral votes to Bush's 286. Later presidential election activities. Kerry speaking during the third night of the in, Immediately after the 2004 election, some Democrats mentioned Kerry as a possible contender for the 2008 Democratic nomination. His brother had said such a campaign was 'conceivable', and Kerry himself reportedly said at a farewell party for his 2004 campaign staff, 'There's always another four years.' Kerry established a separate, Keeping America's Promise, which declared as its mandate 'A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq', and raised money and channeled contributions to Democratic candidates in state and federal races. Through Keeping America's Promise in 2005, Kerry raised over $5.5 million for other Democrats up and down the ballot. Through his campaign account and his political action committee, the Kerry campaign operation generated more than $10 million for various party committees and 179 candidates for the U.S. House, Senate, state and local offices in 42 states focusing on the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle. 'Cumulatively, John Kerry has done as much if not more than any other individual senator', Hassan Nemazee, the national finance chairman of the said. On January 10, 2008, Kerry endorsed Illinois Senator for president. He was mentioned as a possible vice presidential candidate for Senator Obama, although fellow Senator was eventually chosen. After Biden's acceptance of the vice presidential nomination, speculation arose that John Kerry would be a candidate for in the Obama administration. However, Senator was offered the position. During the 2012 Obama reelection campaign, Kerry participated in one-on-one debate prep with the president, impersonating the Republican candidate. Secretary of State (2013–2017). John Kerry is sworn in as Secretary of State by Justice, February 1, 2013 Nomination On December 15, 2012, several news outlets reported that President would nominate Kerry to succeed as, after, widely seen as Obama's preferred choice, withdrew her name from consideration citing a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the. On December 21, Obama proposed the nomination which received positive commentary. His confirmation hearing took place on January 24, 2013, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the same panel where he first testified in 1971. The committee unanimously voted to approve him on January 29, 2013, and the same day the full Senate confirmed him on a vote of 94–3. In a letter to Massachusetts Governor, Kerry announced his effective February 1. Kerry meets with Argentine President in Buenos Aires, Argentina on August 4, 2016 In the State Department, Kerry quickly earned a reputation 'for being aloof, keeping to himself, and not bothering to read staff memos.' Career State Department officials have complained that power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips. Others in State describe Kerry as having 'a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder' as he shifts from topic to topic instead of focusing on long-term strategy. When asked whether he was traveling too much, he responded, 'Hell no. I'm not slowing down.' Despite Kerry's early achievements, morale at State is lower than under Hillary Clinton according to department employees. However, after Kerry's first six months in the State Department, a Gallup poll found he had high approval ratings among Americans as Secretary of State. After a year, another poll showed Kerry's favorability continued to rise. Less than two years into Kerry's term, the Foreign Policy Magazine's 2014 Ivory Tower survey of international relations scholars asked, 'Who was the most effective U.S. Secretary of State in the past 50 years?' ; John Kerry and tied for 11th place out of the 15 confirmed Secretaries of State in that period. In January 2014, having met with Secretary of State,, Kerry said 'We touched on just about every major issue that we are both working on, that are issues of concern to all of us. First of all, we talked at great length about Syria, and I was particularly appreciative for the Archbishop’s raising this issue, and equally grateful for the Holy Father’s comments – the Pope's comments yesterday regarding his support for the Geneva II process. We welcome that support. It is very important to have broad support, and I know that the Pope is particularly concerned about the massive numbers of displaced human beings and the violence that has taken over 130,000 lives'. Kerry expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the. Kerry said the United States supported the because, an ally, was threatened 'very directly' by the takeover of neighboring Yemen by the, but noted that the United States would not reflexively support Saudi Arabia’s proxy wars against Iran. On December 28, 2016, soon after passed 14-0 with the U.S. Abstaining, Kerry joined the rest of the in strongly criticizing Israel's in a speech. His speech and criticisms met negative reactions from Israeli Prime Minister, while UK Prime Minister distanced the UK from Kerry’s strongly worded speech in what appeared to be an attempt to build bridges with the incoming Trump administration. Kerry's speech received positive reactions from Arab nations, but some criticized his remarks as too little, too late from the outgoing administration. Syria Following the August 21, 2013, attributed to Syrian government forces, Kerry became a leading advocate for the use of military force against the Syrian government for what he called 'a despot's brutal and flagrant use of chemical weapons.' Kerry said on September 9 in response to a reporter's question about whether Syrian President could avert a military strike: 'He could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week. Turn it over, all of it, without delay, and allow a full and total accounting for that. But he isn't about to do it, and it can't be done, obviously.' This unscripted remark initiated a process that would lead to Syria agreeing to relinquish and destroy its chemical weapons arsenal, as Russia treated Kerry's statement as a serious proposal. Russian Foreign Minister said Russia would work 'immediately' to convince Syria relinquish and destroy its large chemical weapons arsenal. Syria quickly welcomed this proposal and on September 14, the UN formally accepted Syria's application to join the convention banning chemical weapons, and separately, the U.S. And Russia agreed on a plan to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons by the middle of 2014, leading Kerry to declare on July 20, 2014: 'we struck a deal where we got 100 percent of the chemical weapons out.' On September 28, the UN Security Council passed a resolution ordering the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons and condemning the August 21 Ghouta attack. Latin America In a speech before the in November 2013, Kerry remarked that the era of the was over. He went on to explain, 'The relationship that we seek and that we have worked hard to foster is not about a United States declaration about how and when it will intervene in the affairs of other American states. It's about all of our countries viewing one another as equals, sharing responsibilities, cooperating on security issues, and adhering not to doctrine, but to the decisions that we make as partners to advance the values and the interests that we share.' Environmentalism Kerry has had a long-standing concern with environmentalism as a global issue. In April 2016, he signed the at the United Nations in New York. On November 11, 2016, Kerry became the first Secretary of State and highest-ranking U.S. Official to date to visit. Kerry spent two days on the continent meeting with researchers and staying overnight. In 1994, Kerry led opposition to continued funding for the, which resulting in the end of funding for the project. However, in light of increasing concerns regarding climate change, in 2017 Kerry reversed his position on nuclear power, saying 'Given this challenge we face today, and given the progress of fourth generation nuclear: go for it. No other alternative, zero emissions.' Global Connect initiative In September 2015, the U.S. Department of State unveiled a new initiative called 'Global Connect' which seeks to provide internet access to over 1.5 billion people around the world who do not have online connectivity by year 2020. In 2016, in partnership with, Kerry announced an investment of $171 million to enable 'a low-cost and rapidly scalable wireless broadband network in India'. OPIC’s financing is aimed at helping its Indian Partner,, to provide Internet through wireless technology. Post Obama Administration Kerry retired from his diplomatic work following the end of the Obama administration on January 20, 2017. He did not attend on that day, and the following day took part in the in Washington D.C. Kerry has taken a strong stand against Trump policies and joined in filing a arguing against the new president's executive order. Writing his memoirs According to news reports, Kerry intends to write his first memoir, which is due to come out in 2018. Homes In April 2017, Kerry purchased a 18-acre property on the northwest corner of overlooking in the town of. The property is located in Seven Gates Farm and according to property records, cost $11.75 million for the seven bedroom home. Personal and family life Ancestry Kerry's paternal grandparents, shoe businessman Frederick A. 'Fred' Kerry and musician Ida Lowe, were immigrants from the. Fred was born as 'Fritz Kohn' before he and Ida took on the 'Kerry' name and moved to the United States. Fred and Ida were born Jewish, and converted to Catholicism together in Austria. His maternal ancestors were of Scottish and English descent, and his maternal grandfather James Grant Forbes II was a member of the, while his maternal grandmother Margaret Tyndal Winthrop was a member of the. Margaret's paternal grandfather served as the 22nd Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Robert's father was Governor. Thomas' father John Still Winthrop was a great-great-grandson of Governor and great-grandson of Governor. Through his mother, John is a first cousin once removed of French politician. Marriages and children. Kerry at the in, 2016 Alexandra was born days before Kerry began law school. In 1982, Julia asked Kerry for a separation while she was suffering from severe. They were divorced on July 25, 1988, and the marriage was formally in 1997. 'After 14 years as a political wife, I associated politics only with anger, fear and loneliness' she wrote in A Change of Heart, her book about depression. Thorne later married Richard Charlesworth, an, and moved to, where she became active in local environmental groups such as the. Thorne supported Kerry's 2004 presidential run. She died of cancer on April 27, 2006. Kerry and his second wife, -born businesswoman and philanthropist (known as Teresa), the widow of Kerry's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague, were introduced to each other by Heinz at an rally in 1990. Early the following year, Senator Heinz was killed in a plane crash near. Teresa has three sons from her previous marriage to Heinz, Henry John Heinz IV,, and. Heinz and Kerry were married on May 26, 1995, in. The survey estimated in 2004 that Teresa Heinz Kerry had a of $750 million. However, estimates have frequently varied, ranging from around $165 million to as high as $3.2, according to a study in the. Regardless of which figure is correct, Kerry was the wealthiest U.S. Senator while serving in the Senate. Independent of Heinz, Kerry is wealthy in his own right, and is the beneficiary of at least four trusts inherited from relatives, including his mother,, who died in 2002. Magazine (named for the, unrelated to Kerry) estimated that if elected, and if Heinz family assets were included, Kerry would have been the third-richest U.S. President in history, when adjusted for. This assessment was based on Heinz and Kerry's combined assets, but the couple signed a that keeps their assets separate. Kerry's financial disclosure form for 2011 put his personal assets in the range of $230,000,000 to $320,000,000, including the assets of his spouse and any dependent children. This included slightly more than three million dollars worth of assets, which increased in value by over six hundred thousand dollars in 2013 when announced their intention to purchase the company. Religious beliefs. Kerry touring a Chinese automobile factory in Kerry is a, and is said to carry a religious, a, and a medal (the patron saint of travelers) when he campaigned. Discussing his faith, Kerry said, 'I thought of being a priest. I was very religious while at school in. I was an altar boy and prayed all the time. I was very centered around the Mass and the church.' He also said that the () moved him the most, stating that they taught him to 'not feel sorry for myself.' Kerry told in October 2004: I'm a Catholic and I practice, but at the same time I have an open-mindedness to many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions. I've spent some time reading and thinking about religion and trying to study it, and I've arrived at not so much a sense of the differences, but a sense of the similarities in so many ways. He said that he believed that the, the, and the all share a fundamental story which connects with readers. Health In 2003, Kerry was diagnosed with and successfully treated for. On May 31, 2015, Kerry broke his right leg in a biking accident in Scionzier, France, and was flown to Boston's for recovery. MGH Hip and Knee Replacement Orthopaedic Surgeon Dr. Dennis Burke, who had met Kerry in France and had accompanied him in the plane from France to Boston, set Kerry's right leg on Tuesday, June 2, in a four-hour operation. Athletics and sailing In addition to the sports he played at Yale, Kerry is described by, among others, as an 'avid ', primarily riding on a road bike. Prior to his presidential bid, Kerry was known to have participated in several long-distance (centuries). Even during his many campaigns, he was reported to have visited bicycle stores in both his home state and elsewhere. His staff requested recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms. He has also been a snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor. According to the, dated July 23, 2010, Kerry commissioned construction on a new $7 million yacht (a Friendship 75) in New Zealand and moored it in, where the Friendship yacht company is based. The article claimed this allowed him to avoid paying Massachusetts taxes on the property including approximately $437,500 in sales tax and an annual excise tax of about $500. However, on July 27, 2010, Kerry stated he had yet to take legal possession of the boat, had not intended to avoid the taxes, and that when he took possession, he would pay the taxes whether he owed them or not. Foreign honors John Kerry was awarded. •, October 11, 2002. Retrieved 9 January 2017. • ^ Caldwell, Deborah.. Army Magazine. November 11, 2014. Archived from (pdf) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2016. January 24, 2013. March 2, 2004. July 6, 2004. • Goldhaber, Samuel Z. (February 18, 1970).. • Kranish, Michael (June 15, 2003)... • ^ Kranish, Michael; Mooney, Brian C.; Easton, Nina J. (April 27, 2004). 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July 23, 2005. Archived from on July 25, 2005. Archived from on April 18, 2010. Friendship Yacht Company. Archived from on May 10, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010. •, Boston Herald, July 23, 2010. •, cityofboston.gov. The Associated Press. July 30, 2010. Archived from on August 11, 2010. Department of State. Retrieved 5 December 2016. • • • • • Further reading. • Brinkley, Douglas (2004). Tour of Duty: John Kerry and the Vietnam War. New York: William Morrow & Company.. • Kerry, John; Vietnam Veterans Against the War (1971).. New York: MacMillan Publishing.. The New War: The Web of Crime That Threatens America's Security. New York: Simon & Schuster.. A Call to Service: My Vision for a Better America. New York: Viking Press.. • —— Heinz Kerry, Teresa (2007). This Moment on Earth: Today's New Environmentalists and Their Vision for the Future. New York: PublicAffairs.. • Kranish, Michael; Mooney, Brian C.; Easton, Nina J. Kerry: The Complete Biography by The Boston Globe Reporters Who Know Him Best. New York: PublicAffairs.. • McMahon, Kevin; Rankin, David; Beachler, Donald W.; White, John Kenneth (2005). Winning the White House, 2004. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.. • O'Neill, John E.; Corsi, Jerome R. Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry. Washington, DC:.. External links has original works written by or about: Wikiquote has quotations related to: Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Official • —from JohnKerry.com via the Information • • at the • at • at the • at the • on • —from ArchivoElectoral.org • • — on Kerry's Vietnam service medals Statements and interviews • —1968. • —April 1971. • to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in 1971 (PDF file) • • •, by Senator John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, December 1992 • on February 2, 2008, in Sacramento, CA Media coverage •, Michael Kranish,, June 15, 2003 •, Sydney H. $3,713,660 $6M Dear Open Library Supporter, We ask you only once a year: please help Open Library today. You may not know it, but we’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. We protect reader privacy, so we never sell ads that track you. Most readers can’t afford to donate, but we hope you can. The average donation is about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For a fraction of the cost of a book, we can share that book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Motion picture| Feature film (over 60 minutes). Motion Picture (Form). Nov 24, 2015. Au boulot?, 14634, La Bicyclette Bleue Tome 8, 8DD, Pratique de l'entretien infirmier. Read Online Now la bicyclette bleue tome 4 noir tango Ebook PDF at our Library. Get la bicyclette bleue tome 4 noir tango PDF file for free from our online library. PDF File: la bicyclette bleue tome 4 noir tango. LA BICYCLETTE BLEUE TOME 4 NOIR. TANGO PDF la bicyclette bleue tome 4 noir tango are a good way to. La Bicyclette bleue.79 The Capa photo has also clearly been a common choice because of the 'tasteful' nature of a tonte ritual it captures in which, unlike many, there appears no nudity, no apparent sexual viola- tion, no physical damage or forceful coercion.80 It privileges the role of other women in encouraging the tonte. Collect web pages? Who’d want to read a book on a screen? I founded this as a nonprofit so together we could build a special place to read, learn and explore. 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We lend three e-books per minute and answer a thousand of your questions per month. Open Library is a bargain, but we need your help. If you find our site useful, chip in what you can today. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. Dear Open Library Supporter, We ask you only once a year: please help Open Library today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. We never sell ads, but still need to pay for servers and staff. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For a fraction of the cost of a book, we can share that book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Who’d want to read a book on a screen? I founded this as a nonprofit so together we could build a special place to read, learn and explore. If you find our site useful, please chip in today. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. Dear Open Library Supporter, We ask you only once a year: please help Open Library today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. We never sell ads, but still need to pay for servers and staff. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For a fraction of the cost of a book, we can share that book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Who’d want to read a book on a screen? I founded this as a nonprofit so together we could build a special place to read, learn and explore. If you find our site useful, please chip in today. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive. EBooks - Category: Mystery & Crime - Download free eBooks or read books online for free. Discover new authors and their books in our eBook community. भृगु संहिता हिंदी पुस्तक मुफ्त डाउनलोड| Bhrigu Samhita Hindi Book Free Download. Vampires, ghosts, paranormal activities in the beginning they were seen on the pages on numerous books. Dracula by Bram Stoker, the works of Edgar Allan Poe or H.P. Lovecraft, are not the only must-reads for anyone who wants to bring some horror to an evening on a sofa. Arthur Machen's The Great. # • A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K • L • M • N • O • P • Q • R • S • T • U • V • W • X • Y • Z These categories contain articles that need improvement. Pick your specialty and begin writing! A full list of stub category types is available at:. Or better yet, expand them and remove the stub templates. If you're very interested in stub-sorting, consider joining the group. See also [ ] • (now archived) if you want to fix the most linked-to stubs. • •, a similar problem that needs sorting. • (WikiProject-based categorization of article talk pages) Wikimedia Commons has media related to. This article includes a, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient. Please help to this article by more precise citations. (November 2015) () A novel is any relatively long work of, normally in, and typically published as a book. The has been described as having 'a continuous and comprehensive history of about two thousand years,' with its origins in classical and, in and early, and in the tradition of the. The latter, an Italian word for a to distinguish it from a novel, has been used in English since the 18th century for a work that falls somewhere in between., in The Rise of the Novel, suggested in 1957 that the novel first came into being in the early 18th century. Author of (the first part of which was published in 1605), is frequently cited as the first significant European of the. The romance is a closely related long prose narrative. Defined it as 'a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents', whereas in the novel 'the events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of society'. However, many romances, including the of Scott, 's and 's, are also frequently called novels, and Scott describes romance as a 'kindred term'. Romance, as defined here, should not be confused with the love romance. Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel: 'a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo.' Spending her afternoon with a book, 1756. A novel is a long, fictional narrative which describes intimate human experiences. The novel in the usually makes use of a literary prose style, and the development of the prose novel at this time was encouraged by innovations in, and the introduction of cheap, in the 15th century. The present English (and Spanish) word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the novella for 'new', 'news', or 'short story of something new', itself from the novella, a singular noun use of the neuter plural of novellus, diminutive of novus, meaning 'new'. Most European languages use the word 'romance' (as in French, Dutch, Russian, Slovene,, Romanian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian 'roman'; Finnish 'romaani'; German 'Roman'; Portuguese 'romance' and Italian 'romanzo') for extended narratives. A fictional narrative [ ] is most commonly cited as distinguishing novels from. However this can be a problematic criterion. Throughout the authors of historical narratives would often include inventions rooted in traditional beliefs in order to embellish a passage of text or add credibility to an opinion. Historians would also invent and compose speeches for didactic purposes. Novels can, on the other hand, depict the social, political and personal realities of a place and period with clarity and detail not found in works of history. Literary prose [ ] While prose rather than verse became the standard of the modern novel, the ancestors of the modern European novel include verse epics in the of southern France, especially those by (late 12th century), and in ('s (c. 1343 – 1400) ). Even in the 19th century, fictional narratives in verse, such as 's (1824), 's (1833), and 's (1856), competed with prose novels. 's (1986), composed of 590, is a more recent example of the verse novel. Content: intimate experience [ ] Both in 12th-century Japan and 15th-century Europe, prose fiction created intimate reading situations. On the other hand, verse epics, including the and, had been recited to a select audiences, though this was a more intimate experience than the performance of plays in theaters. A new world of individualistic fashion, personal views, intimate feelings, secret anxieties, 'conduct,' and 'gallantry' spread with novels and the associated prose-romance. Paper as the essential carrier: writing her in the early 11th century, 17th-century depiction Although early forms of the novel are to be found in a number of places, including, 10th– and 11th-century Japan, and, the European novel is often said to have begun with in 1605. Early works of extended fictional prose, or novels, include works in like the by (c. 50 AD), and by (c. 150 AD), works in such as by (c. Late second century AD), works in such as the 6th– or 7th-century by, and in the 7th-century by, 's 11th-century Japanese work, the 12th-century (or Philosophus Autodidactus, the 17th-century Latin title) by, who wrote in, the 13th-century by, another Arabic novelist, and, written in by (1283), and the 14th-century Chinese. Murasaki Shikibu's (1010) has been described as the world's first novel and shows essentially all the qualities for which 's novel (1678) has been praised: individuality of perception, an interest in character development, and psychological observation. Urbanization and the spread of printed books in (960-1279) China led to the evolution of oral storytelling into consciously fictional by the (1368–1644). Parallel European developments did not occur for centuries, and awaited the time when the availability of paper allowed for similar opportunities. By contrast, Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and Ibn al-Nafis' Theologus Autodidactus are works of didactic philosophy and theology. In this sense, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan would be considered an early example of a, while Theologus Autodidactus would be considered an early theological novel. Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, with its story of a human outcast surviving on an island, is also likely to have influenced 's (1719), because the work was available in an English edition in 1711. Exhibits some similarities with the novel, and the Western tradition of the novel reaches back into the field of verse epics, though again not in an unbroken tradition. The epics of Asia, such as the (1300–1000 BC), and such as the (400 BCE and 200 CE), and (4th century BC) were as unknown in as was the epic of (c.750–1000 AD), which was rediscovered in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Other non-European works, such as the, the, and the, are full of stories, and thus have also had a significant influence on the development of prose narratives, and therefore the novel. Then at the beginning of the 18th century, French prose translations brought Homer's works to a wider public, who accepted them as forerunners of the novel. Classical Greek and Roman prose narratives included a didactic strand, with the philosopher 's (c.425-c.348 BC) dialogues; a satirical dimension with '; the incredible stories of; and ' proto-, as well as the heroic romances of the Greeks and. Longus is the author of the famous Greek novel, (2nd century A.D.). Medieval period 1100–1500 [ ] Chivalric Romances [ ]. Reciting: early-15th-century manuscript of the work at Romance or chivalric romance is a type of in or popular in the aristocratic circles of and. They were marvel-filled, often of a with qualities, who undertakes a, yet it is 'the emphasis on heterosexual love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the and other kinds of, which involve heroism.' In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of. Originally, romance literature was written in, and, later, in, and. During the early 13th century, romances were increasingly written as prose. The shift from verse to prose dates from the early 13th century. The or Vulgate Cycle includes passages from that period. This collection indirectly led to 's of the early 1470s. Prose became increasingly attractive because it enabled writers to associate popular stories with serious histories traditionally composed in prose, and could also be more easily translated. Popular literature also drew on themes of romance, but with, or intent. Romances reworked,, and history, but by about 1600 they were out of fashion, and famously them in (1605). Still, is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre, and the word 'medieval' evokes knights, distressed damsels, dragons, and such tropes. Around 1800, the connotations of 'romance' was modified with the development. The novella [ ]. Main article: The term novel refers back to the production of short stories that remained part of a European oral culture of storytelling into the late 19th century. Fairy tales, jokes, and humorous stories designed to make a point in a conversation, and the a priest would insert in a sermon belong into this tradition. Written collections of such stories circulated in a wide range of products from practical compilations of examples designed for the use of clerics to compilations of various stories such as 's (1354) and 's (1386–1400). The (1354) was a compilation of one hundred novelle told by ten people—seven women and three men—fleeing the by escaping from to the Fiesole hills, in 1348. Renaissance period: 1500-1700 [ ]. Main article: A chapbook is an early type of printed in. Produced cheaply, chapbooks were commonly small, paper-covered booklets, usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8, 12, 16 and 24 pages. They were often illustrated with crude, which sometimes bore no relation to the text. When illustrations were included in chapbooks, they were considered. The tradition arose in the 16th century, as soon as books became affordable, and rose to its height during the 17th and 18th centuries and Many different kinds of and popular or folk literature were published as chapbooks, such as,,,,,, and political and religious. The term 'chapbook' for this type of literature was coined in the 19th century. The corresponding French and German terms are (blue book) and, respectively. The principal historical subject matter of chapbooks was abridgements of ancient historians, popular medieval histories of knights, stories of comical heroes, religious legends, and collections of jests and fables. The new printed books reached the households of urban citizens and country merchants who visited the cities as traders. Cheap printed histories were, in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially popular among apprentices and younger urban readers of both sexes. The early modern market, from the 1530s and 1540s, divided into low and high market expensive, fashionable, elegant. The and ' were important publications with respect to this divide. Both books specifically addressed the new customers of popular histories, rather than readers of belles lettres. The Amadis was a multi–volume fictional history of style, that aroused a debate about style and elegance as it became the first best-seller of popular fiction. On the other hand, Gargantua and Pantagruel, while it adopted the form of modern popular history, in fact satirized that genre's stylistic achievements. The division, between low and high literature, became especially visible with books that appeared on both the popular and belles lettres markets in the course of the 17th and 18th centuries: low chapbooks included abridgments of books such as ' (1605/1615) The term 'chapbook' is also in use for present-day publications, commonly short, inexpensive booklets. Heroic romances [ ]. Main articles: and Heroic Romance is a genre of imaginative literature, which flourished in the 17th century, principally in France. The beginnings of modern fiction in France took a pseudo- form, and the celebrated, (1610) of (1568-1625), which is the earliest French novel, is properly styled a. Although its action was, in the main, languid and sentimental, there was a side of the Astree which encouraged that extravagant love of glory, that spirit of ' panache,' which was now rising to its height in France. That spirit it was which animated (1603-1674), who was the inventor of what have since been known as the Heroical Romances. In these there was experienced a violent recrudescence of the old medieval elements of romance, the impossible valour devoted to a pursuit of the impossible beauty, but the whole clothed in the language and feeling and atmosphere of the age in which the books were written. In order to give point to the actions of the heroes, it was always hinted that they were well-known public characters of the day in a romantic disguise. Satirical romances [ ]. The English Rogue (1665) Stories of witty cheats were an integral part of the European novella with its tradition of. Significant examples include (1510), (1554), 's (1666–1668) and in England 's The English Rogue (1665). The tradition that developed with these titles focused on a hero and his life. The adventures led to satirical encounters with the real world with the hero either becoming the pitiable victim or the rogue who exploited the vices of those he met. A second tradition of satirical romances can be traced back to 's Ring (c. 1410) and to ' (1532–1564), which parodied and satirized heroic romances, and did this mostly by dragging them into the low realm of the burlesque. Cervantes' (1606/1615) modified the satire of romances: its hero lost contact with reality by reading too many romances in the Amadisian tradition. Other important works of the tradition are 's Roman Comique (1651–57), the anonymous French Rozelli with its satire on Europe's religions, 's (1715–1735), 's (1742) and (1749), and 's (1773, printed posthumously in 1796). Histories [ ]. 1719 newspaper reprint of Robinson Crusoe A market of literature in the modern sense of the word, that is a separate market for fiction and poetry, did not exist until the late seventeenth century. All books were sold under the rubric of 'History and politicks' in the early 18th century, including,,, political analysis, serious histories, romances, poetry, and novels. That fictional histories shared the same space with academic histories and modern journalism had been criticized by historians since the end of the Middle Ages: fictions were 'lies' and therefore hardly justifiable at all. The climate, however, changed in the 1670s. The romance format of the quasi–historical works of,,, and, allowed the publication of histories that dared not risk an unambiguous assertion of their truth. The literary market-place of the late 17th and early 18th century employed a simple pattern of options whereby fictions could reach out into the sphere of true histories. This permitted its authors to claim they had published fiction, not truth, if they ever faced allegations of libel. Prefaces and title pages of 17th– and early 18th-century fiction acknowledged this pattern: histories could claim to be romances, but threaten to relate true events, as in the. Other works could, conversely, claim to be factual histories, yet earn the suspicion that they were wholly invented. A further differentiation was made between private and public history: 's was, within this pattern, neither a 'romance' nor a 'novel'. It smelled of romance, yet the preface stated that it should most certainly be read as a true private history. Cervantes and the modern novel [ ]. See also: The rise of the novel as an alternative to the romance began with the publication of (1613). It continued with 's Roman Comique (the first part of which appeared in 1651), whose heroes noted the rivalry between French romances and the new Spanish genre. Late 17th-century critics looked back on the history of prose fiction, proud of the generic shift that had taken place, leading towards the modern novel/novella. The first perfect works in French were those of Scarron and 's 'Spanish history' Zayde (1670). The development finally led to her (1678), the first novel with what would become characteristic French subject matter. [ ] Europe witnessed the generic shift in the titles of works in French published in Holland, which supplied the international market and English publishers exploited the novel/romance controversy in the 1670s and 1680s. Contemporary critics listed the advantages of the new genre: brevity, a lack of ambition to produce epic poetry in prose; the style was fresh and plain; the focus was on modern life, and on heroes who were neither good nor bad. The novel's potential to become the medium of urban gossip and scandal fuelled the rise of the novel/novella. Stories were offered as allegedly true recent histories, not for the sake of scandal but strictly for the moral lessons they gave. To prove this, fictionalized names were used with the true names in a separate key. The set the fashion in the 1670s. Collections of letters and memoirs appeared, and were filled with the intriguing new subject matter and the grew from this and led to the first full blown example of scandalous fiction in 's (1684/ 1685/ 1687). Before the rise of the literary novel, reading novels had only been a form of entertainment. However, one of the earliest English novels, 's (1719), has elements of the romance, unlike these novels, because of its exotic setting and story of survival in isolation. Crusoe lacks almost all of the elements found in these new novels: wit, a fast narration evolving around a group of young fashionable urban heroes, along with their intrigues, a scandalous moral, gallant talk to be imitated, and a brief, conciseness plot. [ ] The new developments did, however, lead to 's epic length novel, Love in Excess (1719/20) and to 's (1741). [ ] Some literary historians date the beginning of the English novel with Richardson's Pamela, rather than Crusoe. 18th century novel [ ]. Main article: The new 18th-century status of the novel as an object of debate is manifested in the development of philosophical and experimental novels. Philosophical fiction was not exactly new. 's dialogues were embedded in fictional narratives. Had added to this production with works from 's (1516) to 's (1602). Works such as these had not been read as novels or romances but as philosophical texts. The 1740s saw new editions of More's work under the title that created the tradition: Utopia: or the happy republic; a philosophical romance (1743). [ ] utilised the romance to write philosophy in (1752, English 1753). His (1747) and (1759) became central texts of the French and of the modern novel. Bridged the genres with his less fictional (1762). [ ] 's (1759–1767) is an experimental work which rejects continuous narration. In it the author not only addresses the reader in his preface but speaks directly to him or her in his fictional narrative. In addition to his narrative experiments, Sterne has visual experiments, such as a marbled page, a black page to express sorrow, and a page of lines to show the plot lines of the book. 's (1704) was an early precursor in this field. [ ] The romance genre in the 18th century [ ]. 's (1741) The rise of the word novel at the cost of its rival, the romance, remained a Spanish and English phenomenon, and though readers all over Western Europe had welcomed the novel(la) or short history as an alternative in the second half of the 17th century, only the English and the Spanish had, however, openly discredited the romance. [ ] But the change of taste was brief and Telemachus (1699/1700) already exploited a nostalgia for the old romances with their heroism and professed virtue. Explicitly advertised her Exilius as 'A new Romance', 'written after the Manner of Telemachus', in 1715. Spoke of his own story as a 'romance', though in the preface to the third volume, published in 1720, Defoe attacks all who said 'that [.] the Story is feign'd, that the Names are borrow'd, and that it is all a Romance; that there never were any such Man or Place'. The late 18th century brought an answer with the Movement's readiness to reclaim the word romance, especially with the, but the of also have a strong romance element. [ ] Robinson Crusoe became a 'novel' in this period appearing now as a work of the new realistic fiction that the 18th century had created. [ ] Throughout the 19th century, romances continued to be written in by writers like, and in America by the novelists and. The sentimental novel [ ]. Main article: Sentimental novels relied on emotional responses, both from their readers and characters. They feature scenes of distress and tenderness, and the plot is arranged to advance emotions rather than action. The result is a valorization of 'fine feeling,' displaying the characters as a model for refined, sensitive emotional effect. The ability to display feelings was thought to show character and experience, and to shape social life and relations. An example of this genre of fiction is 's (1740), composed 'to cultivate the Principles of Virtue and Religion in the Minds of the Youth of Both Sexes' focuses on the potential victim, a heroine of all the modern virtues vulnerable through her social status and her occupation as servant of the libertine who falls in love with her. Eventually, she shows the power to reform her antagonist. [ ] Male heroes adopted the new character traits in the 1760s. 's, the hero of the (1768) did so with an enormous amount of humour. 's (1766) and 's Man of Feeling (1771) produced the far more serious role models. [ ] The virtuous production inspired a - and of novels. Greek and Latin authors in modern translations had provided elegant on the market of the belles lettres for the last century. Satirical novels like 's English Rogue (1665) had led their heroes through urban brothels, women authors like had offered their heroines alternative careers as precursors of the 19th-century – without creating a subculture. The market for belles lettres had been openly transgressive as long as it did not find any reflections in other media. The new production beginning with works like 's (1748) differed in that it offered almost exact reversals of the plot lines the virtuous production demanded. Fanny Hill is introduced to a life of prostitution, learns to enjoy her part and establishes herself as a free and economically independent individual, in editions one could only expect to buy under the counter. Openly uncontrollable conflicts arrived in the 1770s with 's (1774). The titular hero realised how impossible it had become for him to integrate into the new conformist society. 's (1782) shows the other extreme, with a group of aristocrats playing games of intrigue and amorality. [ ] The social context of the 18th century novel [ ] Changing cultural status [ ] By around 1700, fiction was no longer a predominantly aristocratic entertainment, and printed books had soon gained the power to reach readers of almost all classes, though the reading habits differed and to follow fashions remained a privilege. Spain was a trendsetter into the 1630s but French authors superseded,, and in the 1640s. As was to note in 1670, the change was one of manners. The new French works taught a new, on the surface freer, gallant exchange between the sexes as the essence of life at the French court. The situation changed again from 1660s into the 1690s when works by French authors were published in Holland out of the reach of French censors. Dutch publishing houses pirated of fashionable books from France and created a new market of political and scandalous fiction. This led to a market of European rather than French fashions in the early 18th century. Intimate short stories: The Court and City Vagaries (1711). By the 1680s fashionable political European novels had inspired a second wave of private scandalous publications and generated new productions of local importance. Women authors reported on politics and on their private love affairs in The Hague and in London. German students imitated them to boast of their private amours in fiction. The London, the anonymous international market of the Netherlands, publishers in Hamburg and Leipzig generated new public spheres. Once private individuals, such as students in university towns and daughters of London's upper class began write novels based on questionable reputations, the public began to call for a reformation of manners. Reform became the main goal of the second generation of 18th-century novelists who, by the mid-century, openly welcomed the change of climate that had first been promoted in journals such as. The Spectator Number 10 had stated that the aim was now 'to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality [] to bring philosophy out of the closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and coffeehouses'). Constructive criticism of novels had until then been rare. The first treatise on the history of the novel was a preface to Marie de La Fayette's novel Zayde (1670). New journals like and at the beginning of the century had reviews of novels. New 'literary journals' like 's Briefe, die neuste Literatur betreffend (1758) appeared in the middle of the century with reviews of art and fiction. By the 1780s reviews played had an important role in introducing new works of fiction to the public. A later development was the introduction of novels into school curricula and later that of universities. The acceptance of novels as literature [ ] The French churchman and scholar 's (1670) laid the ground for a greater acceptance of the novel as literature in the early 18th century. The theologian had not only dared to praise fictions, but he had also explained techniques of theological reading, for the interpretation of fiction, which was a novelty: an individual could read novels and romances to gain insight into foreign and distant cultures as well as into his or her own culture. The decades around 1700 saw the appearance of new editions of,, and. The publishers equipped them with prefaces that referred to Huet's treatise.and the canon it had established. Exotic fictions entered the market that gave insight into the Islamic mind. Furthermore, was first published in Europe from 1704 to 1715 in French, and then translated immediately into English and German, and was seen as a contribution to Huet's history of romances. New classics were added to the market and the English, Select Collection of Novels in six volumes (1720–22), is a milestone in this development. It included Huet's Treatise, along with the European tradition of the modern novel of the day: that is, novella from 's to 's masterpieces. 's prose fictions had appeared as 'novels' in the 1680s but when reprinted in collections, her works became classics. 's Telemachus (1699/1700) became a classic within three years after its publication. New authors now entered the market ready to use their own personal names as authors of fiction. Followed the footsteps of Aphra Behn when, in 1719, she used her name with unprecedented pride. 19th century novel [ ] Romanticism [ ]. Image from a Victorian edition of 's The very word is connected to the idea of romance, and the romance genre experienced a revival, at the end of the 18th century, with. The origin of the gothic romance is attributed to English author, with his 1764 novel, subtitled (in its second edition) 'A Gothic Story'. Other important works are 's (1794) and 's (1795). The new romances challenged the idea that the novel involved a depictions of life, and destabilized the difference the critics had been trying to establish, between serious classical art and popular fiction. Gothic romances exploited the, and some critics thought that their subject matter deserved less credit than the worst medieval tales of, and that if the had troubled with curious fantasies, the new romantic tales were worse: they described a nightmare world, and explored sexual fantasies. The authors of this new type of fiction could be (and were) accused of exploiting all available topics to thrill, arouse, or horrify their audience. These new novelists, at the same time, claimed to explore the entire realm of fictionality. New, psychological interpreters, in the early 19th century, read these works as encounters with the deeper hidden truth of the human imagination: this included sexuality,, and insatiable. Under such psychological readings, novels were described as exploring deeper human motives, and it was suggested that such artistic freedom would reveal what had not previously been openly visible. The romances of, (1785), 's (1840),, (1818), and, (1815), would later attract 20th-century psychoanalysts and supply the images for 20th- and 21st-century horror films,, novels, computer games, and the. The ancient romancers most commonly wrote fiction about the remote past with little attention to historical reality. 's (1814) broke with this earlier tradition of historical romance, and he was 'the inventor of the true historical novel'. At the same time he was a and was influenced. He had collaborated 'with the most famous of the Gothic novelists ' on Tales of Wonder in 1801. With his Scott 'hoped to do for the Scottish border' what and other German poets 'had done for the, 'and make its past live again in modern romance'. Scott's novels 'are in the mode he himself defined as romance, 'the interest of which turns upon marvelous and uncommon incidents'. He used his imagination to re-evaluate history by rendering things, incidents and protagonists in the way only the novelist could do. His work remained historical fiction, yet it questioned existing historical perceptions. The use of historical research was an important tool: Scott, the novelist, resorted to documentary sources as any historian would have done, but as a romantic artist he gave his subject a deeper imaginative and emotional significance. By combining research with 'marvelous and uncommon incidents', Scott attracted a far wider market than any historian could, and he became the most famous novelist of his generation, throughout Europe. The Victorian period: 1837–1901 [ ]. See also: In the 19th century the relationship between authors, publishers, and readers, changed. Most of the early 18th-century fiction had been published anonymously. Authors had offered their manuscripts and received all the payment to be expected for the manuscript. The new introduced in the 18th and 19th centuries promised royalties on all future editions. Another change in the 19th century was that novelists began to read their works in theaters, halls, and bookshops. Fiction was altered by these changes, including the creation of more difficult works. New novels also addressed openly current political and social issues, which were being discussed in newspapers and magazines. The idea of responsibility became a key issue, whether of the citizen, or of the artist. The theoretical debate concentrated on questions around the moral soundness of the modern novel, on the integrity of individual artists, as well as the claims of like as and, who proposed the idea of '. In this period the market for grew, and competed with works of literature. New institutions like the create a new market with a mass reading public. Major British writers such as and were influenced by the romance genre tradition of the novel. The were notable mid-19th-century creators in this tradition, with 's, 's and 's. Publishing at the very end of the 19th century, has been called, 'a supreme 'romancer'. In America 'the romance. Proved to be a serious, flexible, and successful medium for the exploration of philosophical ideas and attitudes.' Notable examples include 's, and 's. A number of European novelists were influenced during this period by the earlier, including, with novels like (1831) and (1862), and with (1840). 's (1852) Many 19th-century authors dealt with significant social matters. 's novels depicted the world of the, which and 's non-fiction explores. In the United States slavery and racism became topics of far broader public debate thanks to 's (1852), which dramatizes topics that had previously been discussed mainly in the abstract. ' novels led his readers into contemporary, and provided first-hand accounts of. The treatment of the subject of war changed with 's (1868/69), where he questions the facts provided by historians. Similarly the treatment of crime is very different in 's (1866), where the point of view is that of a criminal. Women authors had dominated fiction from the 1640s into the early 18th century, but few before so openly questioned the role, education, and status of women in society, as she did. As the novel became a platform of modern debate, were developed that link the present with the past in the form of the. 's (1827) did this for Italy, while novelists in Russia and the surrounding Slavonic countries, as well as, did likewise. Along with this new appreciation of history, the future also became a topic for fiction. This had been done earlier in works like 's (1733) and 's (1826), a work whose plot culminated in the catastrophic last days of a mankind extinguished by the plague. 's (1887) and 's (1895) were concerned with technological and biological developments., 's and Marx's theory of divisions shaped these works and turned historical processes into a subject of wide debate. Bellamy's Looking Backward became the second best-selling book of the 19th century after Harriet Beecher-Stowe's. Such works led to the development of a whole genre of popular as the 20th century approached. The 20th century and later [ ]. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) () 's (1922) had a major influence on modern novelists, in the way that it replaced the 18th- and 19th-century narrator with a text that attempted to record inner thoughts: a '. This term was first used by in 1890 and is used (or the related ) by like,, as well as, later and. Also in the 1920s went in a different direction with (1929), where interspersed non-fictional text fragments exist alongside the fictional material to create another new form of realism, which differs from that of stream-of-consciousness. Later works like 's trilogy (1951), (1951) and (1953), as well as 's (1963) and 's (1973) all make use of the stream-of-consciousness technique. On the other hand, is an example of those authors, who the 1960s, fragmented their stories and challenged time and sequentiality as fundamental structural concepts. Buffalo, 2008 The 20th century novels deals with a wide range of subject matter. 's (1928) focusses on young German's experiences of. The is explored by American, and the by fellow American. The rise of states is the subject of British writer. France's existentialism is the subject of French writers 's (1938) and ' (1942). The led to revived interest in 's (1927), and produced such iconic works of its own like 's and 's. Novelist have also been interested in the subject of racial and in recent decades. 's (1996) is a male response to feminist politics.,,, were feminist voices during this period. Furthermore, the major political and military confrontations of the 20th and 21st centuries have also influenced novelists. The events of, from a German perspective, are dealt with by ' (1959) and an American by 's (1961). The subsequent influenced popular. Latin American self-awareness in the wake of the (failing) left revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s resulted in a ', linked to with the names of novelists,, and, along with the invention of a special brand of postmodern. Another major 20th-century social events, the so-called is reflected in the modern novel. 's had to be published in Italy in 1928; British censorship lifted its ban as late as 1960. 's (1934) created the comparable US scandal. Transgressive fiction from 's (1955) to 's (1998) entered a literary field that eventually led to more pornographic works such as ' (1954) to 's (1978). In the second half of the 20th century, authors subverted serious debate with playfulness, claiming that art could never be original, that it always plays with existing materials. The idea that language is self-referential was already an accepted truth in the world of. A postmodernist re-reads popular literature as an essential cultural production. Novels from 's (1966), to 's (1980) and (1989) made use of references. Genre fiction [ ]. Main article: See also:, and The historic advantage of genres is to allow the direct marketing of fiction. While the reader of so-called will follow public discussions of novels, the popular production has to employ the traditionally more direct and short-term marketing strategies with the open declarations of their content. The most popular novels are based entirely on the expectations for the particular genre, and this includes the creation of a series of novels with an identifiable brand name. The series by Popular literature holds the largest market share. Had an estimated $1.375 billion share in the US book market in 2007. /religious literature followed with $819 million, / with $700 million, with $650 million and then classic literary fiction with $466 million. Popular literature might be seen as the successor of the early modern. Both fields share a focus on readers who are in search of accessible reading satisfaction. The 20th-century love romance is a successor of the novels,,, and wrote from the 1640s into the 1740s. The modern goes back to 's (1719) and its immediate successors. Modern has no precedent in the chapbook market but originates in libertine and hedonistic belles lettres, of works like 's (1749) and similar eighteenth century novels. 's is a descendant of the anonymous yet extremely sophisticated and stylish narrator who mixed his love affairs with his political missions in La Guerre d'Espagne (1707). 's is influenced by, as well as, including its 19th-century successors. Modern also has no precedent on the market of chapbooks but goes back to the elitist market of early-19th-century. Modern popular science fiction has an even shorter history, from the 1860s. The authors of popular fiction tend to advertise that they have exploited a controversial topic and this is a major difference between them and so-called elitist literature., for example, discusses, on his website, the question whether his Da Vinci Code is an anti-Christian novel. And because authors of popular fiction have a fan community to serve, they can risk offending. However, the boundaries between popular and serious literature have blurred in recent years, with and, as well as by adaptation of popular literary classics by the film and television industries. 2010 Crime became a major subject of 20th and 21st century genre novelists and reflects the realities of modern industrialized societies. Crime is personal and public subject: criminals each have their personal motivations; detectives, see their moral codes challenged. 's became a medium of new psychological explorations. 's (1985–1986) is an example of experimental literature based on this genre. Has become a major area of commercial fiction. A major example is 's (1954/55), a work that grew from a book written for young readers into a major cultural artefact. Tolkien revived European literature in the tradition of and the North Germanic and the. Has developed a variety of genres from the early, technological adventure had made fashionable in the 1860s, to a novel like 's (1932) about Western and technology. 's (1949) deals with and, among other matters, while, and produced modern classics which focus on the interaction between humans and machines., author of the cult classic (1984), is one of a new wave of authors who explore post-apocalyptic fantasies and. See also [ ]. |
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